tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34080994371076395702024-03-05T04:07:13.715-06:00"And speaking of which..."Jim Woodrickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15917299007746671963noreply@blogger.comBlogger248125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3408099437107639570.post-83390552650387674412017-05-03T13:38:00.003-05:002017-05-03T13:39:01.723-05:00The "And Speaking of Which..." blog is on hiatus indefinitely. Please continue to read and enjoy the archived posts, but we will no longer answer or share any comments.<br />
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Thank you!Jim Woodrickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15917299007746671963noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3408099437107639570.post-85807239934836029542016-05-03T09:19:00.001-05:002016-05-03T09:20:15.546-05:00The Civil War Siege of Jackson MississippiDear Friends:<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_VTzGqiw6IQxTstwIsdgIiQ12oOexuVxwufrTscOVw3AMxY3rZp5Aa70yZSbTXjHssBGqrXZNPhGBjf6OOzoghoCD4mOGlvdf21i37G76NbSuvBo933w8x1qt6k1gmB0iISHum8OaehGB/s1600/BOOK+COVER.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_VTzGqiw6IQxTstwIsdgIiQ12oOexuVxwufrTscOVw3AMxY3rZp5Aa70yZSbTXjHssBGqrXZNPhGBjf6OOzoghoCD4mOGlvdf21i37G76NbSuvBo933w8x1qt6k1gmB0iISHum8OaehGB/s320/BOOK+COVER.PNG" width="225" /></a>This blog has been inactive for some time, as I took on the challenge of writing a book. That book is now complete and was published in April 2016. It is titled "The Civil War Siege of Jackson Mississippi" and is published by The History Press. The book details the July 1863 Siege of Jackson, in which Union forces under the command of Major General William T. Sherman moved east to the capital city to confront Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston's "Army of Relief." After a week-long siege which included a desperate charge on July 12 by a lone Union brigade, resulting in more than 50% casualties, Johnston and his army slipped across the Pearl River and escaped to fight another day. Sherman moved into Jackson and began methodically destroying the railroads and other military targets in and around Jackson. In addition, Sherman's men burned and looted a sizable portion of the city, giving Jackson the unfortunate nickname of "Chimneyville."<br />
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The book is available via a number of online booksellers and at several local bookstores in the Jackson area. In addition, the book can be purchased at the Vicksburg National Military Park gift shop and through MDAH's "History Store."<br />
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Now that the writing bug has bitten me, I have several other projects I'm working on. As such, the blog will remain inactive for the time being. Please continue to enjoy the archived stories, however, and if I get a chance to return to the blog, I'll let you know.<br />
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<br />Jim Woodrickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15917299007746671963noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3408099437107639570.post-8194889515079480622015-04-15T15:05:00.001-05:002015-04-15T15:05:34.542-05:00John Wilkes Booth...in Mississippi?<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Soon after the surrender of
Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox, an actor and a
Confederate sympathizer by the name of John Wilkes Booth entered the
presidential box at Ford’s Theater in Washington and fired a pistol
shot into the back of President Abraham Lincoln’s head. Although the assassin’s
bullet did not immediately kill the president, Lincoln was paralyzed and had
difficulty breathing and died at 7:22 a.m. the next morning. The date was April
15, 1865, another day which will live in infamy. The president’s body was taken
from the house across the street from Ford’s Theater, where he died, to the
White House, where an autopsy was performed by surgeons. Three days later,
Lincoln’s body lay in state in the U.S. Capitol and the nation lapsed into a
deep mourning. During the funeral train's journey to Springfield, Illinois, tens of
thousands lined the route to pay their respects. Meanwhile, John Wilkes Booth
was on the run from the authorities. On April 26, Booth and another conspirator
were surrounded in a barn on the Garrett farm in Virginia. According to accounts, the pursuing party set the barn on fire to force Booth and an
accomplice to come out, but Booth refused to surrender and was fatally shot by
Sergeant Boston Corbett, despite orders to take him alive. Booth died as the
sun began to rise. His dying words (or least some of them) were reportedly
“Tell my mother I died for my country.”</span><br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbFxkgefX9-8pIjZpJLa2WTiVNAeimmjp4-hRsDyeP-Z2pkFBaAwgowKMqavhfhUZ0xiVGWVUYg_vqLSdALmvZT9I4dIG_NY12f6ZJQYlYtDt_HP0DeFRKlSOt56NfnTlctkZ2KyVfSBJ3/s1600/Booth+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbFxkgefX9-8pIjZpJLa2WTiVNAeimmjp4-hRsDyeP-Z2pkFBaAwgowKMqavhfhUZ0xiVGWVUYg_vqLSdALmvZT9I4dIG_NY12f6ZJQYlYtDt_HP0DeFRKlSOt56NfnTlctkZ2KyVfSBJ3/s1600/Booth+2.jpg" height="200" width="137" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Unlike Lincoln’s body, which
was given the honors of a nation, Booth's body was wrapped in a blanket, tied
to a wagon and taken to the Washington Navy Yard, where an autopsy was
performed. As Booth was a well-known actor, it wasn’t difficult to identify him
and more than ten people who were acquainted with him did so, including his
mother, brother, sister and the mayor of Baltimore. In addition, there were
identifying marks on his body, including a tattoo, which helped verify that the
right man had been killed. After the autopsy, Booth’s corpse was placed in
storage until 1869, when his remains were finally released to family members
and he was buried in an unmarked grave in Baltimore at the Green Mount
Cemetery. In all, eight others implicated in the Lincoln assassination plot
were tried and four were hanged, including Mary Surratt, who thus became the
first woman to be executed by the Federal government (a dubious honor indeed).
And so ends the sordid tale of John Wilkes Booth.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Or is that really the end of
the story?</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipKRwwBp2XhNQv6lHiHGTGNi7eBXs4D1U0NWAknwy3SqrnYhohvuDHpO-gatIifT2e8v4y6NNyUUuQB-KHdH-GyM4-GY8mx4OMTfSV6yjGiMXFIr3nvIdzWwuRFdH0_tisZPlLY08Ie99C/s1600/Booth+2.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipKRwwBp2XhNQv6lHiHGTGNi7eBXs4D1U0NWAknwy3SqrnYhohvuDHpO-gatIifT2e8v4y6NNyUUuQB-KHdH-GyM4-GY8mx4OMTfSV6yjGiMXFIr3nvIdzWwuRFdH0_tisZPlLY08Ie99C/s1600/Booth+2.PNG" height="200" width="150" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwDyjcgivBdkvOcKghTvfVZVJBlQ4fdZLhKVvYb-ZBYeJEAsNoMLVNlcpPGMbD55-Y0MFvwP568sP7vByvHvvrTALGeTMPmmmeHrtvjYMUMWoFpj7xKz4kDf5laa0zpD-UlqwbS7g5Upoe/s1600/Booth+3.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwDyjcgivBdkvOcKghTvfVZVJBlQ4fdZLhKVvYb-ZBYeJEAsNoMLVNlcpPGMbD55-Y0MFvwP568sP7vByvHvvrTALGeTMPmmmeHrtvjYMUMWoFpj7xKz4kDf5laa0zpD-UlqwbS7g5Upoe/s1600/Booth+3.PNG" height="200" width="131" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Like many tragic events in
American history, the assassination of Abraham Lincoln – as with the
assassination of John F. Kennedy – has spawned numerous conspiracy theories. In
the case of John Wilkes Booth, claims that he was not killed by Sgt. Corbett
and in fact escaped his captors and died years later under an assumed name has
been revived from time to time, and in this case the conspiracy theories have a
Mississippi connection. In 1907, Finis Langdon Bates (<i>right</i>), a Memphis attorney,
published a 300+ page book called <i>The Escape and Suicide of John Wilkes Booth,
Or the First True Account of Lincoln's Assassination, Containing a Complete
Confession by Booth Many Years After the Crime. Giving in Full Detail the
Plans, Plot and Intrigue of the Conspirators, and the Treachery of Andrew
Johnson, then Vice-President of the United States</i>. Bates, born in 1848, was a
native of Itawamba County. After studying for the law in Carrollton, Bates
moved to Texas in the 1870s, where he met a gentleman named John St. Helen in
Granbury, Texas. St. Helen was a tobacco and liquor salesman
who seemed to have a knack for reciting lines from Shakespeare. After the two became
friends, St. Helen confessed Bates in 1878 (as he thought he was near death)
that he was in fact John Wilkes Booth and asked Bates to notify his (Booth’s)
brother Edwin in New York of his demise. When John St. Helen recovered (much to his surprise), he
explained in further detail the story of how he escaped. After reveling this
remarkable story to Bates, St. Helen moved to Leadville, Colorado, and Bates returned to
Memphis, where he tried to claim a $100,000 reward which had been posted
following Lincoln’s assassination. Needless to say, it was denied. *</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJnByry8lfIeUzvMth4yEsw56AsAFfz8f_7lJ-QYnHhUVfHRpbK5K9Svxfl7chRau3FZMb-0QzNqDA5DWSZd4opUGG3ISeOm-RNpTqjsfa6UnVsjmKIdbW6y6UnICLVQD2lfAWSP6uBtDS/s1600/Booth+5.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilyH2fBEwXKvEY3zOMl2wowSwlwW2G7Ojwf8uW2R-Ujy5EVQH7_T6bB7oAjDqLpvdkQWYT0n4MPV8s7H-QInE00GWT3TaMWobJfiEN2BFkBWEfg_eLuTFJ4KiKXAUrp0fPMgwiojMxXvSx/s1600/Booth+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilyH2fBEwXKvEY3zOMl2wowSwlwW2G7Ojwf8uW2R-Ujy5EVQH7_T6bB7oAjDqLpvdkQWYT0n4MPV8s7H-QInE00GWT3TaMWobJfiEN2BFkBWEfg_eLuTFJ4KiKXAUrp0fPMgwiojMxXvSx/s1600/Booth+4.jpg" height="320" width="176" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">In 1903, a man named David E.
George – who also seemed to have a penchant for quoting Shakespeare - committed
suicide by drinking strychnine poison in a room in the Grand Avenue Hotel in
Enid, Oklahoma (the hotel building is still there and is now a furniture store). As
with John St. Helen, David George had also confessed to someone that he was
actually John Wilkes Booth. No one seemed to believe his story, though, and no
one came to claim his body. Without any apparent family, the local
undertaker embalmed him and displayed his corpse in the funeral home as a prop,
which proved very popular in Enid. Presumably, 10,000 people at some point
viewed the body and even clipped pieces of hair and buttons from the corpse as
souvenirs. Although there was no known family, there were papers belonging to
David George which identified Finis L. Bates as a contact, and Bates ultimately
identified the body as that of his friend John St. Helen and claimed the mummy. It was after this that Bates wrote his book exposing the "true" story of John Wilkes Booth, aka John St. Helen, aka David E. George. While perhaps not a page-turner, he sold 70,000 copies of the book and it later inspired a 1970s book and even a movie about the supposed Lincoln assassination conspiracy. As for the corpse, Bates at first stored it at his home in Memphis and
then started leasing the mummy to circuses and other entertainment venues in
the years leading up to World War I. At some point, he tried to sell the
body (as John Wilkes Booth, of course) to Henry Ford (who politely declined). The post
mortem adventures of “John Wilkes Booth” included a kidnapping for ransom and a
circus train wreck. Finis L. Bates never made his fortune promoting the mortal
remains of St. Helen/George/Booth and he died in 1923 in Memphis. But the mummy
continued to tour the country after Bates’ death, and was at one time the
property of William Evans, who was known as the “Carnival King of the
Southwest.” Its last appearance was in 1976, when this most curious object was
purchased by a private collector. The mummy's current whereabouts is unknown.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">So is that the end of the
story? Well, not quite.</span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq-WcH7McHNXt1GRplN50t6zl0ahFOC7wOhc1SNM6GMACGQCZcyVTJCQVRaeTvqPJUgOifq28Naz6YMfWil05AL5PpCM7wIcettiI-4qpqfmM5M4lS-7bwgFlYkGRkZDkrDKHnzl9X05ep/s1600/Booth+7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq-WcH7McHNXt1GRplN50t6zl0ahFOC7wOhc1SNM6GMACGQCZcyVTJCQVRaeTvqPJUgOifq28Naz6YMfWil05AL5PpCM7wIcettiI-4qpqfmM5M4lS-7bwgFlYkGRkZDkrDKHnzl9X05ep/s1600/Booth+7.jpg" height="320" width="240" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Incredibly, Guntown,
Mississippi, located near Tupelo in Lee County, is also part of the John Wilkes
Booth survival story. According to local legend – and it's considered fact by
some – Booth escaped from the Garrett Farm in Virginia but did not go to
Oklahoma or Texas at all. Instead, he made his way to Mississippi with the help
of friends and went to live with a cousin, Dr. John Fletcher Booth. For the
rest of his life, so the story goes, John Wilkes Booth lived upstairs in his
cousin’s home in Guntown. To protect his identity, the children in the family were admonished to never discuss
the mysterious occupant with any outsiders. According to family members, the
man had a distinct limp and was well-educated. Dr. Booth died in 1896. At the
time – presuming he actually had survived and made his way to Guntown –
Lincoln’s assassin would be fifty-eight years old in 1896, still a relatively
young man. Other than this scant information, however, there seems to be little support
for Booth living in Guntown. But he does have a grave marker in a local
cemetery. According to family lore, Booth eventually died and was
buried in an unmarked grave in the Smith Cemetery near Guntown, where his
supposed benefactor, Dr. John Fletcher Booth, is also buried. The gravestone
for John Wilkes Booth was erected about 1990.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Did John Wilkes Booth somehow
manage to escape and make his way to Mississippi to live out his life in
peaceful obscurity? Or did he flee to Texas and die a lonely death in a hotel
room in Oklahoma? Or did he, as most people agree, die as a fugitive after
committing one of the most heinous acts in American history? Perhaps we’ll
never know for sure...</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">* <span style="font-size: small;"><i>Bates' granddaughter is actress Kathy Bates, who was born in Memphis in 1948.</i> </span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><u>PHOTO AND IMAGE SOURCES</u>:</span></span><br />
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</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(1) Lincoln assasination: http://www.lib.udel.edu</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(2) John Wilkes Booth: http://law2.umkc.edu</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(3) Bates: </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">http://en.wikipedia.org</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(4) Book: </span>https://openlibrary.org</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(5)Corpse:http://1000words1000days.com</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> (6) Grave marker: http://www.findagrave.com</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span><br />
Jim Woodrickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15917299007746671963noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3408099437107639570.post-45006768878067384662015-02-18T19:00:00.000-06:002015-02-18T20:34:45.849-06:00Ironclads, Cotton and Corn: The Civil War in the Mississippi Delta (Part II) <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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generals Leonard Ross, Isaac Quinby and the Union navy, Admiral David Dixon
Porter and the Union river fleet attempted to get into the Yazoo River from the
south. In essence, Porter believed that transports and gunboats could enter the
Yazoo and thence move into Steele’s Bayou, Black Bayou and Deer Creek to get to
the Big Sunflower River. This adventure, known as the Steele’s Bayou
Expedition, began on March 14, 1863, with five “City Class” gunboats – the <i>Carondelet</i>, <i>Mound City</i>, <i>Cincinnati</i>, <i>Louisville</i> and <i>Pittsburgh</i>. Navigating through bayous no larger than creeks, the
gunboats, assisted by pioneers from Sherman’s corps, slowly made their way upriver.
At Hill’s Plantation – near where Teddy Roosevelt would later make famous the
“Teddy Bear” – Sherman’s main infantry caught up with Porter’s gunboats.
Porter (<i>right</i>), however, enthusiastic with his progress thus far, decided to push on up
Deer Creek to Rolling Fork. Here, unfortunately, his gunboats got stuck in the
reed-choked streambed. Unable to move forward and with no room to turn the
behemoths around in the narrow channel, Porter’s only option to back up. His
way was blocked, however, by Confederate troops who began felling trees behind
the fleet. Porter, it seems, was in a real pickle. </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5XGmKFl9KaCAwfJbTIoMW_sKb8EbQrKMe0nYonkS91HaFoB0C9Qkvz7VNUoITslavyLjqb_hQBnznj_zfwRmCVNRcAJ8hgH3Wce3D9B5iqlYu7NaoKw2A9M7NHDO5129IbZ77FjdqRiBe/s1600/delt2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5XGmKFl9KaCAwfJbTIoMW_sKb8EbQrKMe0nYonkS91HaFoB0C9Qkvz7VNUoITslavyLjqb_hQBnznj_zfwRmCVNRcAJ8hgH3Wce3D9B5iqlYu7NaoKw2A9M7NHDO5129IbZ77FjdqRiBe/s1600/delt2.jpg" height="200" width="143" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">On March 20, Confederate infantry under the command of Samuel W.
Ferguson arrived near Rolling Fork with the 12th Arkansas
Sharpshooter Battalion and a three-gun battery. Ferguson (<i>below left</i>) was a West Point
graduate and a native of South Carolina. After the war, he settled in
Greenville, Mississippi, where he was an attorney and would serve on the
Mississippi River Commission. At Rolling Fork, Ferguson deployed his
artillery and the Arkansans and moved toward the trapped gunboats. Porter,
meanwhile, had placed two boat howitzers atop an Indian Mound. These were soon
outgunned by the Confederate cannons and forced back onboard, after which the
gunboats opened fire on the advancing Confederate infantry with their big guns,
preventing any further advance by Ferguson. At 3:00 pm, reinforcements arrived
under Brigadier General Winfield Scott Featherston. Known as “Old Swet,”
Featherston was a resident of Holly Springs, Mississippi, and had served with
the Army of Northern Virginia in 1862 before being promoted to brigadier general
and being transferred to Mississippi. After conferring with the Ferguson,
Featherston deployed additional artillery support and added two more regiments
to the mix, the 22nd and 23rd Mississippi Infantry, with plans to resume the
attack against Porter’s gunboats. Anticipating an attack any moment, Porter ordered his
sailors to smear mud and slime from the bottom of Deer Creek on the sides of
the gunboats to make it more difficult to board and was prepared to scuttle his
boats rather than allow them to fall into the hands of the enemy. Fortunately
for Porter, however, the attack never came.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhls12N3zzW55H-7IF6Qp7fFyhm6SguLa2L5KWAonxunflJAeBTCnNnuCRJ7rd5mJJ5crbEDBxNq974zCxdFovx7mQE8Bi9cJ-rilOaHVo6dN2sSRfg_PAF8MAqjKrDAXMR_tTzxihsTcS/s1600/delt3.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhls12N3zzW55H-7IF6Qp7fFyhm6SguLa2L5KWAonxunflJAeBTCnNnuCRJ7rd5mJJ5crbEDBxNq974zCxdFovx7mQE8Bi9cJ-rilOaHVo6dN2sSRfg_PAF8MAqjKrDAXMR_tTzxihsTcS/s1600/delt3.PNG" height="200" width="150" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">For some reason, the two Mississippi regiments did not advance as
planned, much to the dismay of Ferguson. The failure was probably the result of
bickering between the two Confederate commanders on the field (and Ferguson was
known for being a “trouble maker”). Both officers claimed they were waiting for
the other to begin the attack, but it was also clear that Featherston (<i>right</i>) had
serious doubts about the plan to begin with. In his report on April 3, he went
so far as to dismiss the very notion that his command of roughly 2,000 men
could have ever captured the gunboats by land and was critical of the
“visionary absurdity of the over-sanguine expectations… entertained by some
military men” – no doubt speaking of Ferguson.*</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Whatever the cause, the Confederates lost a golden opportunity at
Rolling Fork to strike a potentially crippling blow to the Union war effort by
capturing and/or disabling the cream of the Mississippi River fleet. Because of
the Confederates’ failure to act, Porter was able – with the help of the army –
to slowly back down the narrow creek to safety. While Porter claimed the
expedition was a success – he reported that his men captured a large amount of corn
and a large number of mules, horses, and cattle and had taken enough cotton “on
our decks and on the mortar boats…to pay for the building of a good boat” – he had
narrowly escaped a disaster for both the service and his own reputation. </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWutUOx5UBkg4JfysvMcjHFyrSFjbjZe_Nu2eqL0mvavZ-rAyg6nppZoPOH3V8xlNa9XOAj07DNIoMoCpkJDw1peZjHWDQG4fbIrXm86smK6lT93sqYlaVsp0BIUfWY_P7jmUhAHP7HXyi/s1600/delt5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWutUOx5UBkg4JfysvMcjHFyrSFjbjZe_Nu2eqL0mvavZ-rAyg6nppZoPOH3V8xlNa9XOAj07DNIoMoCpkJDw1peZjHWDQG4fbIrXm86smK6lT93sqYlaVsp0BIUfWY_P7jmUhAHP7HXyi/s1600/delt5.jpg" height="320" width="202" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Quickly
following the failed Steele’s Bayou Expedition was a Union infantry raid out of
Greenville. Often confused with the Steele’s Bayou affair (because of the name),
Steele’s Greenville Expedition (named for Union Gen. Frederick Steele) took
place in April 1863. A decorated veteran of the Mexican War, Steele suffered a
somewhat ignominious death in 1868 after falling out of a buggy while on
vacation in California. In the spring of 1863, though, Steele (<i>left</i>) was ordered by
Grant to “move down Deer Creek” from Greenville and “clear the country as you
go of guerrillas and Confederate soldiers. Grant’s instructions were clear
about how Steele should treat the inhabitants of the region. “If planters
remain at home, and behave themselves,” he wrote, “molest them as little as
possible, but if the planters abandon their plantations you may infer they are
hostile, and can take their cattle, hogs, corn, or anything you need.” As a
result, destruction and desolation of the countryside would become the guiding
principle of the raid. Steele disembarked his men one mile north of Greenville
on April 2, moving east across Fish Lake Bridge toward Judge Ruck’s Plantation
(modern day Leland). Making “sad havoc” with the hogs, sheep and corn along the
way, Steele’s column turned south along the west side of Deer Creek. Almost
from the moment the Federals landed, the Confederates knew about the raid. This
was partly because Samuel W. Ferguson, whose exhausted troops had just battled
Porter’s sailors and Sherman’s infantry in the Steele’s Bayou Expedition, had
spies operating in the area. Incredibly, one of his spies, who was somehow
mistaken as a “contraband,” was able to personally interview Steele about his
intentions. Armed with this information, Ferguson boldly advanced his much
smaller force north from Rolling Fork, and met Steele’s men near the Willis
Plantation (south of Arcola). Ferguson had more bluff than anything else, but
in a series of retrograde movements was able to stall long enough for
Confederate reinforcements to come up from the Snyder’s Bluff area. </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHewGtOjMbf-7m1IrZyEDNNnkfQ7BVtJP0MEi5OYg7cs050vLo-pvqG5WcBrxm7vDtAqdwoGcZo5u-DKKChsh1OSSRaRrJEqt7U1jmyyAMz1T0YF26YgXNEn_A6XmxtcFGx-QsEsntOHlb/s1600/delt8.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHewGtOjMbf-7m1IrZyEDNNnkfQ7BVtJP0MEi5OYg7cs050vLo-pvqG5WcBrxm7vDtAqdwoGcZo5u-DKKChsh1OSSRaRrJEqt7U1jmyyAMz1T0YF26YgXNEn_A6XmxtcFGx-QsEsntOHlb/s1600/delt8.PNG" height="200" width="158" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Not wanting to bring on a major engagement so far away from the Mississippi
River, Steele started back toward Greenville, burning cotton gins, corncribs
and bridges along the way. Jacob Ritner (<i>left</i>), a soldier in the 25th Iowa, wrote that
“We nearly laid the country waste along the road - burned most of the cotton gins, and a large
amount of cotton, corn, bacon, etc., intended for the rebels army at Vicksburg.
We brought in a large drove of fat cattle, besides what we got all the
chickens, geese, ducks and turkeys we could eat…and we got more Negroes and
mules than you could shake a stick at.” In fact, so many blacks joined the
column that General Steele pleaded with Sherman to tell him what should “be
done with these poor creatures.” Meanwhile, Ferguson, bolstered by the arrival
of reinforcements under Stephen D. Lee, harassed Steele’s column all the way
back to Greenville. Establishing a fortified camp, Steele’s men occupied
Greenville for almost two weeks, frequently making forays into the countryside
to skirmish with Ferguson’s cavalry. </span></span></div>
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<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjbzgHZyhDYOslmpEjxAdInjhG-KlhGbI1J6B75msO2LoUEgz2cdF-iNC5awwCEepJqNaU48faOR57CMISdDuzmvxwJe1EUS_9Zl-4tAfYhS8AvwdaJPAnunodpamvoJw_4daDDlecv62w/s1600/delt6.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjbzgHZyhDYOslmpEjxAdInjhG-KlhGbI1J6B75msO2LoUEgz2cdF-iNC5awwCEepJqNaU48faOR57CMISdDuzmvxwJe1EUS_9Zl-4tAfYhS8AvwdaJPAnunodpamvoJw_4daDDlecv62w/s1600/delt6.PNG" height="200" width="165" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Significantly, it was at Greenville, for
the first time, that Steele was instructed to enlist blacks for the Union army.
Here was a dramatic change in policy and a shift in the Union war effort.
Enlisting and training some 500 former slaves, many of these men were, no
doubt, involved in the fighting at Milliken’s Bend in June. Reflecting on the
addition of black soldiers into the war effort, Private Ritner wrote that “The soldiers have all got to be in favor of setting the
Negroes free and arming them too. They see that this is the quickest way to end
the war…although this is the universal sentiment as far as I know, yet there is
as much prejudice against them as there ever was.” There was certainly no such
approval of the arming of slaves in the Confederate ranks. Without question,
the enlistment of blacks angered the Confederates. Equally disconcerting,
however, was the destruction of the countryside. Stephen D. Lee correctly
understood that it was the Federals’ object to destroy the provisions in the
area, not necessarily to defeat an army. Lee, in a letter on April 9, stated
flatly that “corn would now be scarce” for the Confederates. </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh675eu3r7oyCeuNfFAT0Bw5maKVASS55YTW6I2GW58bUB7S-JLHu4mj8adn7a8mkufevbp-IbPBrKCMA-CuPI-pPRDEheGVWvlfGa5J5Rb8xZ_rbqLK6BK6zU7yAUwcy1QhCUg4Z9PTC8_/s1600/delt7.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh675eu3r7oyCeuNfFAT0Bw5maKVASS55YTW6I2GW58bUB7S-JLHu4mj8adn7a8mkufevbp-IbPBrKCMA-CuPI-pPRDEheGVWvlfGa5J5Rb8xZ_rbqLK6BK6zU7yAUwcy1QhCUg4Z9PTC8_/s1600/delt7.PNG" height="228" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">There were certainly other raids and expeditions in the Delta region during
the final two years of the war. None of these, however, involved the amount of
naval power exhibited by the Federals in the spring of 1863. Perhaps the most
significant action during this period was a movement up the Yazoo River in February
and March 1864, as part of Sherman’s Meridian Campaign. On the night of February
14, the same day Sherman’s army marched into Meridian, a small Union flotilla arrived
at Greenwood, where they were greeted by none other than Greenwood Leflore, who
was waving a small U.S. flag. They didn’t stay long before dropping back
downriver to Yazoo City, but before leaving the Federals officers toured the site
of Fort Pemberton, the same place that had given them such trouble during the
Yazoo Pass Expedition. For those interested in viewing this little-known Civil
War site today, the earthworks are still there (on Hwy. 82 west of Greenwood).
A small park (<i>above</i>) marks the site of a portion of the fort on the north side of the
highway. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Civil War in the Delta is often viewed as a sideshow to the big
show, a forgotten drama against the backdrop of the campaign and siege of
Vicksburg. It should be noted, however, that these expeditions, despite their apparent
lack of success, accomplished several goals for the Union war effort. First, in
each of the expeditions and raids, large amounts of cotton, corn and other
staples of life and livelihood were destroyed or captured, thereby depriving
the Confederates of their use. Second, Confederate attention was drawn away
from other critical points – while Grant toiled in Louisiana and eventually
succeeded in finding a path south to cross the Mississippi at Bruinsburg on May
1, 1863, the Confederates were kept busy trying to protect the fertile Delta
from the almost constant Federal activity. Finally, the recruitment of black
soldiers into the Union army, which began in the Mississippi Delta as early as
April 1863, would have a dramatic on the outcome of the war in Mississippi and
throughout the region. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">* <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Despite
Featherston's doubts about the ability of infantry to capture a boat,
that's exactly what happened a year later, when Col. John Griffith, with
two Arkansas mounted infantry regiments, captured the USS <i>Petrel</i> on the Yazoo River.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><u>PHOTO AND IMAGE SOURCES</u>:</span></span><br />
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<![endif]--><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(1) </span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Boats: http://www.jantoo.com</span></span><br />
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</span></span><br />
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</span></span><br />
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http://deadconfederates.com</span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></span>
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</span></span><br />
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</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(9) Fort Pemberton:
http://www.civilwaralbum.com</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span></span>Jim Woodrickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15917299007746671963noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3408099437107639570.post-36887329721372276112015-02-14T09:15:00.001-06:002015-02-14T09:15:25.015-06:00 Ironclads, Cotton and Corn: The Civil War in the Mississippi Delta <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtqQE9mDK-ghU3KzZ2TrDaom_Sf-SmRKlHnZZRXPqYl0jsVIJR5ZEGiWubXNF13C-goljP_Le6opJT1DjMKIfSZp_4c4oRH7oL148xTaCDHN-gdINH08d-YAKeDBTaXk7LPmCk2kZ0rLlU/s1600/DELTA+1.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtqQE9mDK-ghU3KzZ2TrDaom_Sf-SmRKlHnZZRXPqYl0jsVIJR5ZEGiWubXNF13C-goljP_Le6opJT1DjMKIfSZp_4c4oRH7oL148xTaCDHN-gdINH08d-YAKeDBTaXk7LPmCk2kZ0rLlU/s1600/DELTA+1.PNG" height="155" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Today, most people associate the Mississippi Delta with agriculture (and
especially cotton) and as the birthplace of the Blues. Tourists from across the
globe visit the Delta each year, as one travel writer put it, “to soak
up the raw authenticity -- in rollicking juke joints, plate-lunch cafes and
boarded-up towns with markers revealing the stories of blues legends, civil
rights heroes and history-making moments that changed the nation.” All of this
is true, but there is another legacy of the Mississippi Delta which is often
overlooked, and that is the important role the region played in the Civil War.
Seen by many historians as a sideshow to more significant campaigns, the reality is that the Delta was vital to Confederate interests and was the target
of repeated Union attempts to utilize the region’s waterways as an avenue of
invasion. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH7kKJ8nAMMIC9NOvg8lbapQB362Jxmq_uhrhk4-QUSvtD2lQacMz5_tDOWHPmndSAtqkWYlr1Xa7e4_dvG9Lj7ZdK0rX5QN2rjJT5yynNexryi5OImfmAl3vocwFst_huGp8ZvZtRuIVu/s1600/DELTA+2.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH7kKJ8nAMMIC9NOvg8lbapQB362Jxmq_uhrhk4-QUSvtD2lQacMz5_tDOWHPmndSAtqkWYlr1Xa7e4_dvG9Lj7ZdK0rX5QN2rjJT5yynNexryi5OImfmAl3vocwFst_huGp8ZvZtRuIVu/s1600/DELTA+2.PNG" height="200" width="144" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">By
the spring of 1863, Union efforts to capture the Confederate stronghold at
Vicksburg had bogged down, both literally and figuratively. The bulk of the
Union army, under the command of Major General Ulysses S. Grant, had, during
the winter months of 1862, slowly pushed its way down the Mississippi Central Railroad
in north Mississippi. Waiting behind the Tallahatchie River were Confederate
forces under the command of Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton (<i>left</i>), the commander of the
Department of Mississippi and East Louisiana. In December, Grant planned a
combined attack – one of many such cooperative efforts between the Union Army
and Navy in the coming months – by making a push on land against Pemberton’s
line and also by sending William Tecumseh Sherman down the Mississippi on
transports to assault the bluffs north of Vicksburg at Chickasaw Bayou. By
dividing Pemberton’s forces and holding his attention to the north, Grant hoped
that Sherman would be able to overwhelm Vicksburg’s defenders and avoid a
costly and lengthy campaign.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv6Ebl4BL38g8zoF3JKM-7YXvTGb-1vbKlz5OQTr1ZTaDS3Bbnjfek5QF_9AXd7T6jSzm7ayvJgSKhsP31uzW1odWkI0QtCNfUjipZiSZQNFSNsTRUY9VcFcQEl-DYvSeOsoDNgzW_a8lj/s1600/DELTA+3.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv6Ebl4BL38g8zoF3JKM-7YXvTGb-1vbKlz5OQTr1ZTaDS3Bbnjfek5QF_9AXd7T6jSzm7ayvJgSKhsP31uzW1odWkI0QtCNfUjipZiSZQNFSNsTRUY9VcFcQEl-DYvSeOsoDNgzW_a8lj/s1600/DELTA+3.PNG" height="200" width="157" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">The Vicksburg nut was not as easy to crack has Grant had hoped, however.
Near Christmas day, a strong Confederate cavalry column under Earl Van Dorn
struck the town of Holly Springs, then a major supply depot for
Grant’s army. Forced back to protect his vital supply line, Grant could no
longer hold Pemberton’s attention at Grenada and the Confederates were able to begin
shifting troops to Vicksburg to supplement the troops sent to protect the
Walnut Hills overlooking Chickasaw Bayou, which easily repulsed Sherman’s
subsequent assault. Sherman was defeated by the weather and the terrain as much
as by the Confederates, however, as Chickasaw Bayou was inundated with flood
waters in December, 1862, and was a jigsaw puzzle of vine-choked ravines and
unfordable bayous even in the best of weather. After his repulse, Sherman’s army headed back upriver.
Despite a successful reduction of Arkansas Post (under the command of John A.
McClernand), the Union efforts at capturing Vicksburg had fizzled for the time
being.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDY8qqKbU5w083amGWUTpvMpOqNgacaiaC5oQy6sFECCzs6KgTmV7qTVCxgFXKM7iN4f_cgCD2K5hEwcAPLCByqBZ9raXeSNDuCl7JJlTq-RYCzzH1ZzkE-DF7AUek3spvXSSeEykvOnT4/s1600/DELTA+4.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDY8qqKbU5w083amGWUTpvMpOqNgacaiaC5oQy6sFECCzs6KgTmV7qTVCxgFXKM7iN4f_cgCD2K5hEwcAPLCByqBZ9raXeSNDuCl7JJlTq-RYCzzH1ZzkE-DF7AUek3spvXSSeEykvOnT4/s1600/DELTA+4.PNG" height="200" width="150" /></a>Vicksburg’s strength was only due in part to the towering bluffs upon
which Confederate cannon frowned down on the Mississippi and Yazoo Rivers above
and below the city. The city was also protected by the
Mississippi Delta, which ran some two hundred miles to Memphis and extended approximately
fifty miles inland. Unlike the Delta today, the region at the
time of the Civil War was mostly underwater. With few roads and few towns, the
planters who were able to take advantage of the rich soil were perched here and
there along natural levees and along the creek banks, which twisted and turned
through the Delta like a medusa. Cutting through the region were larger rivers
and bayous, navigable to steamboats and possibly gunboats – but difficult in
either case to negotiate. An army marching through this country on foot would
be hopelessly lost in the muck and mire of the terrain, just as Sherman was
mired at Chickasaw Bayou. In short, the Delta was, as Greenville native Shelby
Foote wrote “the exclusive domain of moccasins bears alligators and panthers” –
not where any army should go. But that’s exactly where Grant decided to go in
the spring of 1863.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGqs_77Qzy-LFFuwzQ9CiTP26DuluiutQy8wSIBMx05jOPBepFAaGceDRTXIGOLIJTxNbORtUuNSJ65E40Uhf71c9RNrggpFc7kEeKHwfbIuBcE91yRsRE7JU4svzy9V8sEArK5vZdfpdH/s1600/DELTA+12.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGqs_77Qzy-LFFuwzQ9CiTP26DuluiutQy8wSIBMx05jOPBepFAaGceDRTXIGOLIJTxNbORtUuNSJ65E40Uhf71c9RNrggpFc7kEeKHwfbIuBcE91yRsRE7JU4svzy9V8sEArK5vZdfpdH/s1600/DELTA+12.PNG" height="200" width="153" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">The result was three primary military operations in the Mississippi
Delta, including the Yazoo Pass Expedition, the Steele’s Bayou Expedition and
Steele’s Greenville Expedition. All three were combined efforts of the army and
navy, a cooperation which in many ways was an extension of the mutual
admiration, one to the other, between Grant and Admiral David Dixon Porter. All
three operations were successful in some ways and failures in others. This was
not the first time the Federals had operated in the region. Beginning in July
1862, the Union Navy made several forays up the Yazoo River in an effort to get
around the defenses north of Vicksburg at Snyder’s, Haynes’ and Drumgould’s
Bluffs. In addition, numerous raids were launched along the Mississippi River,
striking at military targets along the railroad or in “neutralizing” towns
along the river with the torch. Typical of these raids by Union infantry and
cavalry along the Mississippi was one launched by Brig. Gen. Cadwallader C.
Washburn (<i>right</i>) in late November, 1862. Landing at the small village of Delta,
Washburn’s 1,900 Union cavalry was given the task of striking the Mississippi
Central Railroad at Grenada. At this time, Pemberton’s Confederates were still
awaiting Grant’s army behind the Tallahatchie. Thus, Washburn’s raid would be
threatening Pemberton’s left flank and endanger Grenada, a vital railroad hub. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2OXokWIhX6PjhcgwZMekB0c6W0PavNHSsxAp3z71RII08SiYkJikTjfv1V-SiDJEnWo25e9ukyAJetH5gt8KXZHwRuEhYGwbAqGbuQSxnmdA-dJ1vWKuZCrDF4VfCdskHjyUE_WWwtCED/s1600/DELTA+5.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2OXokWIhX6PjhcgwZMekB0c6W0PavNHSsxAp3z71RII08SiYkJikTjfv1V-SiDJEnWo25e9ukyAJetH5gt8KXZHwRuEhYGwbAqGbuQSxnmdA-dJ1vWKuZCrDF4VfCdskHjyUE_WWwtCED/s1600/DELTA+5.PNG" height="200" width="155" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">Opposing the Union troopers – and another 7,000 man force of infantry and
artillery under Alvin P. Hovey trailing the fast-moving cavalry – was a
Confederate cavalry brigade under Col. John Griffith (<i>left</i>). At Oakland, this
undersized brigade of about 1,200 men stalled Washburn’s advance, and the Union
raiders made their way back to the safety of the Mississippi River and the
protection of the Union fleet. Washburn’s raid, though failing to cut the
railroad or capture Grenada, was significant because it forced Pemberton to
fall back to the line of the Yalobusha and into the defenses at Grenada. Thus,
using the soft underbelly of the Mississippi Delta, the Federals were able to
outflank the Confederates from a strong position. As with other raids in the
Delta, Washburn’s and Hovey’s troops returned with the spoils of war: cotton,
corn and slaves. Blacks by the hundreds, of their own accord, left the
plantations as the Federals moved through the fertile Delta region. By the
summer of 1863, some of these men would begin to be incorporated into the Union
war effort as United States Colored Troops.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiebeZIWMd7rVT630R4Ocv2Ufc4Gku1DkUNoD4ayXXMTyL4IUkwhKJv0OtMDVTTq5CQjifZTFeSuvvak3ealHCZQ7URIsRe-aDGZ2Og8nH-Gk89n0N5cMN1z7XV6NhmPVTWdMgmrre1lJBS/s1600/DELTA+8.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiebeZIWMd7rVT630R4Ocv2Ufc4Gku1DkUNoD4ayXXMTyL4IUkwhKJv0OtMDVTTq5CQjifZTFeSuvvak3ealHCZQ7URIsRe-aDGZ2Og8nH-Gk89n0N5cMN1z7XV6NhmPVTWdMgmrre1lJBS/s1600/DELTA+8.PNG" height="134" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A number of towns along the Mississippi were burned by Union raiders
during the Civil War period, among them Austin, Greenville and Friar’s Point.
Many times, houses and plantation buildings were burned for no other reason
than spite; other times, it was in retaliation for the firing on Union vessels by
Confederate guerrillas. Indeed, on December 18, 1862, General Sherman issued an
order specifying the rules of engagement along the river – namely, any vessel
receiving small arms fire from either shore should land and disembark enough
troops to take care of the opposition. If fired on by artillery, a brigade
would be landed and all public and private property confiscated and all houses
and public buildings burned. In the case of Friar’s Point, the end came on
December 21, 1862. As Sherman’s expedition to Chickasaw Bayou made its way down
the river to the mouth of the Yazoo north of Vicksburg, the fleet, including
numerous gunboats and transport vessels, tied up at the Frair’s Point landing.
According to a soldier in the 83rd Ohio Infantry, a rumor circulated that a
Union sympathizer was put in a barrel by the citizens of Friar’s Point and
rolled into the river. Angered over this insult, the Ohioans scrambled ashore
and looted the town. By the next morning, most of the buildings in Friar’s
Point had been burned to the ground.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIbmsxlzJ_V-DRFnq4vBPXVUQ_XVHRRMrWf2XvA65gwb28WnvKDz0mYGKhP8LocIb6ImtM2PZJd-uzUjP4DlUtygB0ajyQeaRkLnWtQxFun74ZTnNgosIJfbGdcUZXTJ0psNSti5nwPu52/s1600/DELTA+7.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIbmsxlzJ_V-DRFnq4vBPXVUQ_XVHRRMrWf2XvA65gwb28WnvKDz0mYGKhP8LocIb6ImtM2PZJd-uzUjP4DlUtygB0ajyQeaRkLnWtQxFun74ZTnNgosIJfbGdcUZXTJ0psNSti5nwPu52/s1600/DELTA+7.PNG" height="320" width="214" /></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
first of the three major military operations undertaken by Grant and Porter in
the spring of 1863 was the Yazoo Pass Expedition. After the unsuccessful attack
at Chickasaw Bayou and Grant’s forced retreat from the Tallahatchie because of
Van Dorn’s sacking of Holly Springs, the Union army toiled in the swamps of
Louisiana looking for a way around, or past, Vicksburg’s batteries. Using the
twisting bayous of the Louisiana delta, Grant and Porter searched for a
navigable route to the south on the west bank of the Mississippi. They also
attempted, unsuccessfully in the end, to cut a canal across the DeSoto Point opposite
Vicksburg, by which it was hoped Union gunboats could pass Vicksburg’s guns.
While all these attempts, particularly the canal work, was frustrating,
difficult and ultimately fruitless, it did do two things for Grant: it kept his
men occupied and in good physical condition (despite a terrible disease rate)
and it kept at bay the voting public in the north who demanded action. While
all this going on across the river in Louisiana, Grant also kept his eye on the
Mississippi Delta. Still looking for some way to get into the Coldwater,
Tallahatchie and Yazoo Rivers with gunboats and transports, thereby bypassing
the strong defenses on the bluffs north of Vicksburg, Grant used the navy to
explore a variety of waterborne passages into the Delta. In January, 1863, Lt.
Col. James H. Wilson was ordered to open a levee at Yazoo Pass near Moon Lake
to allow the navy to get into the interior. The levee had been built by the
State of Mississippi in the 1850s to lower the level of water and provide more
land for agriculture. By blowing the levee, the Union navy believed the water
level would be raised to such an extent that the vessels would be able to
easily enter Moon Lake and the Coldwater. </span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjawwINLZabPw9NKN4VCBjPqaAGVobISEqkwY4hLdqfh968n42kCkbQ0Io0EKmd5fFzYcxVuQJdFtBfTQ0vUytnlswyC-79sPg1ksI-ylswtLUfbl_3whk-zjqF7jp_0CeV33y-0lgIHQoo/s1600/DELTA+9.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjawwINLZabPw9NKN4VCBjPqaAGVobISEqkwY4hLdqfh968n42kCkbQ0Io0EKmd5fFzYcxVuQJdFtBfTQ0vUytnlswyC-79sPg1ksI-ylswtLUfbl_3whk-zjqF7jp_0CeV33y-0lgIHQoo/s1600/DELTA+9.PNG" height="118" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The levee was cut on February 2-3. By
March 7, Union vessels were able to enter Moon Lake. Alerted to this threat,
however, Pemberton had ordered the Confederates in the region to block the
channel with obstructions of felled trees. For the Union navy personnel, the
work clearing these obstructions in the twisting waterways connecting Moon Lake
and the Tallahatchie was extremely difficult. On March 10, the flotilla, with
5,000 infantry under Gen. Leonard Ross and two ironclads – the Chillicothe (<i>right</i>) and
the Baron De Kalb – entered the Tallahatchie River. From there, they moved down
the Tallahatchie to the confluence of the Yalobusha River. Here the two rivers
met to form the Yazoo, and here the Confederates had constructed ‘Fort
Pemberton’ along a narrow neck of land. Made of cotton bales and earth, Fort
Pemberton was garrisoned by troops under William W. Loring. With only ten
artillery pieces, the defenders of Fort Pemberton successfully turned back the
Union fleet, who had difficulty maneuvering in the narrow channel. Because of
the flooded terrain, the infantry under Ross’ command were unable to land. On
March 16, the Chillicothe was disabled by a Confederate shell which entered a
gun port, and by the 20th, the fleet turned around and made its way back to
Moon Lake. The next day, the fleet met reinforcements under Brig. Gen. Isaac
Quinby, a former professor of physics. Quincy persuaded Ross to head back to
Fort Pemberton, where another round of artillery duels were fought on April
2-3. Just as hopeless as before, the Federals finally gave up for good and
headed back to the Mississippi.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfKJ-vZR1fMd80k9XvjKzNyR22U3mVAxZjjqPQz_Z2Gi1wIQ5iggtfEVHBzRn6qpJnxxHh5J8eaRnzHC1F4rYmx0_q4i0MouP0waNARxI7x1ZA3LU2UJkJJGQwW-_pwqEPb3VyQQUbS8_z/s1600/DELTA+11.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfKJ-vZR1fMd80k9XvjKzNyR22U3mVAxZjjqPQz_Z2Gi1wIQ5iggtfEVHBzRn6qpJnxxHh5J8eaRnzHC1F4rYmx0_q4i0MouP0waNARxI7x1ZA3LU2UJkJJGQwW-_pwqEPb3VyQQUbS8_z/s1600/DELTA+11.PNG" height="320" width="219" /></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUq4Mzps9pa3VE_uGBta0NpQyVUzc51ymYWkSNyVQsgbQfVwJuteTqDYF30uuBTPwgECdd1WRUslpXWqu9SmUDWeMPIpj03nAwgEg-OLVwRK75rs8PqL6gqmqV55HA6K5W4PMdDZP3j0pO/s1600/DELTA+10.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUq4Mzps9pa3VE_uGBta0NpQyVUzc51ymYWkSNyVQsgbQfVwJuteTqDYF30uuBTPwgECdd1WRUslpXWqu9SmUDWeMPIpj03nAwgEg-OLVwRK75rs8PqL6gqmqV55HA6K5W4PMdDZP3j0pO/s1600/DELTA+10.PNG" height="200" width="131" /></a><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">William Wing Loring, the Confederate defender of Fort Pemberton, was an
interesting character. A Mexican War veteran, Loring lost an arm at the battle
of Chapultepec. After his arm was shattered, it was said that Loring “laid
aside a cigar, sat quietly in a chair without opiates to relieve the pain, and
allowed the arm to be cut off without a murmur or a groan. The arm was buried
on the heights by his men, with the hand pointing towards the City of
Mexico.” While at times exhibiting
flashes of military genius during the Civil War, Loring nonetheless had real
trouble getting along with his superiors. He had a well-publicized spat with
Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley in 1862; when Jackson threatened to
resign, Loring was sent West and promoted. At the time, Jedediah Hotchkiss,
Jackson’s famed mapmaker, noted that Loring struck him as “lacking in nearly
all the qualities necessary for command of an army designed to carry on an
offensive campaign…[that] he was always hesitating ]in] what to do, was always
suggesting difficulties in the way of active operations, and worse than all in
my mind, he was always filling himself with brandy…” Certainly, Loring’s
ability to get along with his superiors did not improve when he came west, and
his performance during the Vicksburg Campaign can best be described as
inadequate and perhaps insubordinate. At Fort Pemberton, however, he was
decisive and effective. Indeed, Loring got the nickname “Old Blizzards” at Fort
Pemberton because he paced the cotton bale works shouting “Give them blizzards,
boys! Give them blizzards!” Loring (<i>right</i>) survived the war and in 1869, at the
recommendation of William T. Sherman, of all things, accepted a post with the
Khedive of Egypt, where he spent the better part of ten years and attained the
rank of Fareek Pasha (or Major General) in the Egyptian Army. He also managed
to visit at least eighteen countries on an extended tour of Europe and the
Middle East. After his return to the U.S. in 1879, he published a book called <i>A
Confederate Soldier in Egypt in 1884</i>. </span></span></div>
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</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">TO BE CONTINUED...</span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><u>Photo and Image Sources</u>:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Delta: http://www.flatoutdelta.com</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Pemberton: http://www.sonofthesouth.net</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Chickasaw Bayou: http://www.mkwe.com</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Grant: http://jenschoeller.us/webi1711/final/ulyssessgrant.html</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Washburn: http://en.wikipedia.org</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Griffith: http://en.wikipedia.org</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Union vessel: http://www.civilwartraveler.com</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Friar’s Point: http://blackjackchurch.org</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Chillicothe: http://en.wikipedia.org</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Fort Pemberton: http://www.walterscole.com</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Loring: http://en.wikipedia.org</span></span> </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB-IJmEI_NV0Kh4FUvvKldjGnZ0K2f9Or8B9OOwRZ0s0CdYZCsNtKDR0HmrJUjiJZFCVrkKDV7vEwGYb6gBFt2-ou0uEY1RVl1iaUXIxePv7YXXF4_tjn4mOoBy4sPnbgelcKJbTr2wdLQ/s1600/bt2.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB-IJmEI_NV0Kh4FUvvKldjGnZ0K2f9Or8B9OOwRZ0s0CdYZCsNtKDR0HmrJUjiJZFCVrkKDV7vEwGYb6gBFt2-ou0uEY1RVl1iaUXIxePv7YXXF4_tjn4mOoBy4sPnbgelcKJbTr2wdLQ/s1600/bt2.PNG" height="200" width="178" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">On Friday, February 25, 1870, a terrible accident occurred near Oxford. A
south-bound train, crossing a bridge on the Mississippi Central Railroad,
jumped the track and plunged into a deep ravine. The train wreck, described by
contemporary newspaper accounts as “the Mississippi horror,” resulted in the
death of at least seventeen men, women and children and wounded many more. </span></span><br />
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</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Buckner’s Trestle was located approximately two miles south of Oxford on the
Mississippi Central. On the day of the accident, the ill-fated train was en route
to New Orleans. Chartered in 1852, the Mississippi Central linked Canton,
Mississippi, with Grand Junction, Tennessee. By 1860, the railroad was part of a
continuous route from the Gulf of Mexico to the Ohio River. During the Civil
War, the railroad served as the axis of advance during Grant’s 1862 campaign in
north Mississippi and was the object of Union raids throughout the war. After
the war, like most railroads in Mississippi, the Mississippi Central suffered due
to scarce resources in the war-torn South. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjeZDbtslcZmxfD4KD8qhEUK3suhQ78YIrM3Vpe7eIKZy5FZdVLbCl7MDF9rMBKthoWIXGHAmX-HkuBvGnnT8OWe82u_clxCMtQQ0X_hPy2seH0aT6zBPSjDXCseXse43S9brUbJqa3Eh4/s1600/bt1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjeZDbtslcZmxfD4KD8qhEUK3suhQ78YIrM3Vpe7eIKZy5FZdVLbCl7MDF9rMBKthoWIXGHAmX-HkuBvGnnT8OWe82u_clxCMtQQ0X_hPy2seH0aT6zBPSjDXCseXse43S9brUbJqa3Eh4/s1600/bt1.jpg" height="152" width="320" /></a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">On the day of the accident, the train was running behind schedule and
approached the bridge over Buckner’s Run at what was then considered a high
rate of speed (between thirty and forty miles an hour). On board the train was
the president of the Mississippi Central R.R., Colonel Sam Tate. During the
Civil War, Tate was president of the Memphis & Charleston Railroad (a major
east-west line which ran through Corinth) and was a respected railroad man and
entrepreneur. Tate, whose home was then in Water Valley, was riding in the back
of the train and apparently sent word to the engineer to slow down before
taking the curve just north of Buckner’s Trestle. Whether his advice didn’t
reach the locomotive in time or was ignored by the engineer, one or more cars
jumped the track just as the train crossed the trestle. Although the locomotive
made it safely across, the next two cars in line, one carrying mail and baggage
and the other a passenger car, slammed into an embankment on the south side of
the ravine with such force that “its framework was utterly shattered by the
shock, so that the roof fell in upon the mangled passengers and debris,” throwing
seats, seat backs, cushions, window blinds, paneling and sashes into a “confused
medley” with the unfortunate passengers. For the next two cars, the devastation
was even worse, as they both plummeted into the forty-foot ravine below. As the
first passenger coach fell headlong into the chasm, the passengers were thrown
to the rear and were in turn crushed by the next car, which fell on top of them. </span></span><br />
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</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD_LnBMIUDpv9qWmD6wjpyOzKIYfwkH9Iwa5XKJK0btxISrKnZReKvKUPQBzW_JLwCcEKoA4_apkEGfNdbpxldk0gAGFa312dmuyCCJ4AhkIh2HV97Kb_Sxgu-f4aM5FvlX-kaHFdqtoWK/s1600/bt3.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD_LnBMIUDpv9qWmD6wjpyOzKIYfwkH9Iwa5XKJK0btxISrKnZReKvKUPQBzW_JLwCcEKoA4_apkEGfNdbpxldk0gAGFa312dmuyCCJ4AhkIh2HV97Kb_Sxgu-f4aM5FvlX-kaHFdqtoWK/s1600/bt3.PNG" height="200" width="145" /></a>The scene was utter devastation. The dead included at least two infants and
one young mother, whose husband, a recent immigrant, was “wild with grief at
the loss of his wife, suddenly snatched from his side by death.” Also killed in
the wreck was Capt. Alexander Speer, who commanded Co. A, 3rd Mississippi Cavalry (State Troops) during the Civil War. Speer, who lived in Brandon, was a railroad engineer (although he worked on the construction of the Southern Railroad of Mississippi, not the Mississippi Central). On the day of the accident, he was on his way back from Chicago, where he had gone to hire
immigrant workers, many of whom were on the train with him. He is buried in the
Brandon Cemetery, where an impressive memorial (<i>right</i>) notes the train wreck as the cause
of death. * Another victim was Andrew J. McConnico of Holly Springs, who was
the corporate secretary for the Mississippi Central Railroad. McConnico’s home in
Holly Springs was burned by Union troops in August 1864. Although he apparently
did not serve in the Confederate army <i>per
se</i>, he was nonetheless considered a “disloyal” person for his association
with the railroad (the Mississippi Central was headquartered in Holly Springs).
As such, he applied for and received a full pardon from President Andrew
Johnson in 1865. In all, seventeen people, including two unidentified African
American brakemen, were listed among the dead. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh22rMsrjYXSpHBp31U0IvssFciF-e92JE8BIM85_aSMqvki8DAERvutWk5dyxGudYXs0Bmf3sEVWVzIqd_Hi5k-QZs3dHwj0g27sQeu6i_PglHPOkgP8BmhTnKvSe87XqA_6_ezUPrGkxl/s1600/bt4.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh22rMsrjYXSpHBp31U0IvssFciF-e92JE8BIM85_aSMqvki8DAERvutWk5dyxGudYXs0Bmf3sEVWVzIqd_Hi5k-QZs3dHwj0g27sQeu6i_PglHPOkgP8BmhTnKvSe87XqA_6_ezUPrGkxl/s1600/bt4.PNG" height="200" width="153" /></a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sam Tate, while not killed in the wreck, was seriously injured after being
“violently precipitated to the lower end of the coach, where he was nearly suffocated
before the pile of wounded, confused and stunned passengers that were thrown
upon him could be removed.” Other passengers injured included Capt. Abraham Schell
of Louisville, Kentucky, who was commander of “Cheatham’s Sharpshooters” during
the war. By no action on his part, Schell had achieved a bit of fame by sitting
next to Sidney Jonas of Aberdeen, Mississippi, when, soon after the surrender
of Lee’s army in Virginia, Jonas penned the celebrated poem called “Lines on
the Back of a Confederate Note” at a Richmond hotel, two stanzas of which were later
used in Margaret Mitchell’s novel <i>Gone With the Wind</i>. Apparently, there was
some dispute concerning the author of the poem and in bolstering his claim, Jonas
(<i>left</i>) frequently cited Capt. Schell as an eyewitness. Jonas went on the found the Aberdeen
<i>Examiner</i> newspaper and edited it for
fifty years. He died in 1915 and is buried in the Old Aberdeen Cemetery. Samuel
J. P. McDowell was also injured in the wreck. McDowell was from Caldwell
County, Texas. An acquaintance of Sam Houston, Caldwell served as a state
senator from Texas but resigned from the legislature in 1862 and was elected
captain of Co. K, 17th Texas Infantry. Wounded in that unit’s first
real engagement at Milliken’s Bend, he returned to Texas and served for many
years as a county clerk. He died in his nineties and supposedly continued to
ride horses until his last days.</span></span><br />
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</span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaXPZi-F1V0Mp_KTppA9AiDNjUzc6C6JIfALyGUmgG4ZC-8I_sIH-v6T_baLegvYln5uFVaD0t6zxcc4Ko2qMoWr8EmqdifuEYgRmzyJ5pX2m4Ufcsk_PNwPk3n1ZsM-0E7RJWkUefJxRL/s1600/Buckner+5.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaXPZi-F1V0Mp_KTppA9AiDNjUzc6C6JIfALyGUmgG4ZC-8I_sIH-v6T_baLegvYln5uFVaD0t6zxcc4Ko2qMoWr8EmqdifuEYgRmzyJ5pX2m4Ufcsk_PNwPk3n1ZsM-0E7RJWkUefJxRL/s1600/Buckner+5.PNG" height="200" width="147" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Running about two hours behind the wrecked train was a special excursion
train. Warned ahead of time by an alert railroad agent (lest a second accident
occur), the passengers of the excursion train arrived in time to help in the rescue
operation. They were joined by local citizens from nearby Oxford, Taylor and
Water Valley. On board this train were a number of important businessmen, railroad
executives and their wives, including Anson Stager. Born in 1825, Stager was
the co-founder of Western Union and the first president of Western Electric.
During the Civil War, he had been in charge of the U.S. Military Telegraph
Department and earned a brevet rank of brigadier general. He was joined on the
trip by James William Simonton (<i>right</i>), General Agent of the New York Associated Press.
It was Simonton who filed the reports which were subsequently picked up by
newspapers nationwide, including the New York Times. His coverage of “the
Mississippi horror” attracted a great deal of attention and he placed blame for
the accident on those charged with upkeep of the railroad, specifically Colonel
Tate. In an article published the next day, Simonton wrote: </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i>After stating that the people of the
neighborhood were prompt in administering such aid as was in their power, there
remains nothing to be remarked further, except that for this terrible railroad
horror the managers of the Mississippi Railroad are clearly responsible. The
immediate cause doubtless was a rotten tie just at the north end of the
trestle, and there are many more of these rotten ties on the road. This was
noticed by some of us, who walked over twenty miles of the track during our
twenty hours of detention. The road is unfit for use. </i></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSjQeFq_EN2WlO8wtu72OOM3KPXFoVspD0TJlFs9IGyoF7kS_SQwy9g1D1sARk1FvRMabPDUbtdgdDKlc0wMsqCKxtTuyoOYuXjS6s0un1dND_95pGcQ5P7jiD92ZWO_5-fK56VTDUwQZr/s1600/bt6.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSjQeFq_EN2WlO8wtu72OOM3KPXFoVspD0TJlFs9IGyoF7kS_SQwy9g1D1sARk1FvRMabPDUbtdgdDKlc0wMsqCKxtTuyoOYuXjS6s0un1dND_95pGcQ5P7jiD92ZWO_5-fK56VTDUwQZr/s1600/bt6.PNG" height="320" width="235" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Simonton was no cub reporter. Born
in 1823, he went to work at age twenty for the <i>Morning Courier and New-York
Enquirer</i> and soon thereafter began
reporting on congressional politics<i>.</i> After a sojourn to
California, he joined the staff of the New York Times in 1851 and went back to
covering Congress. In 1857, he helped expose legislation which essentially gave
large portions of public land in the Minnesota territory to the Pacific
railroad. He was subpoenaed as a witness by Congress but refused to reveal his
sources, citing the principle of journalistic confidentiality. While four
members of the House of Representatives were subsequently expelled as a result
of his expose’, he was thereafter barred from reporting from the House floor
because he refused to testify. In 1858, Simonton was in Utah, where he was the
only reporter covering the so-called Mormon War (a relatively bloodless campaign
led by none other than future Confederate general Albert Sidney Johnston). The
next year, he again moved to California and then back to New York in 1867 to
work with the Associated Press. While he helped expose some of the corruption in
the Grant administration, Simonton was himself accused of working as a paid lobbyist
in cahoots with Western Union to create a telegraphic monopoly (i.e., the
Associated Press would only use Western Union to transmit their news). In 1873,
an anonymous, 47-page pamphlet appeared which cited all of Simonton’s corrupt
practices, calling him a “small vicious tyrant.” </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnzydIg5HBeIZUTnOAy5O6K1hjPmr-IhY-MUq60qk9R_yPxyR8QYdt1JOPFTfOmTzOSI2Y1sM2aE9xXV_Zg7TLNA4YZG8wNIbSCYghZMJ3-jcFEVaQHgbR85OHw-WEtE9nl7cdnjsydmHM/s1600/Buckner+4.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">James
W. Simonton’s reports concerning the tragedy at Buckner’s Trestle was certainly
bad press for the Mississippi Central Railroad and Colonel Tate, but Tate’s fellow railroad
men soon came to his defense. Writing in the Journal of the Brotherhood of
Locomotive Engineers, Charles Wilson of Ohio, one of the organizers of the
railroad union, charged Simonton and others with misrepresenting the facts “for
the sake of venting a personal spite, or to build up a rival line.” While
acknowledging that the accident was a serious one, Wilson wrote that similar
accidents had occurred on many other lines. Further, if there were deficiencies
with the Mississippi Central, he said that “no reasonable man should expect to
see so complete and permanent a railroad in the South, where nearly all
railroads were destroyed during the war,” unlike the northern railroads who had
“reaped a rich harvest out of the necessities of the government.” </span></span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnzydIg5HBeIZUTnOAy5O6K1hjPmr-IhY-MUq60qk9R_yPxyR8QYdt1JOPFTfOmTzOSI2Y1sM2aE9xXV_Zg7TLNA4YZG8wNIbSCYghZMJ3-jcFEVaQHgbR85OHw-WEtE9nl7cdnjsydmHM/s1600/Buckner+4.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnzydIg5HBeIZUTnOAy5O6K1hjPmr-IhY-MUq60qk9R_yPxyR8QYdt1JOPFTfOmTzOSI2Y1sM2aE9xXV_Zg7TLNA4YZG8wNIbSCYghZMJ3-jcFEVaQHgbR85OHw-WEtE9nl7cdnjsydmHM/s1600/Buckner+4.PNG" height="200" width="135" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Wilson (<i>right</i>) also
countered Simonton’s claim that the cause of the accident was a rotten tie.
“The accident at Buckner’s Trestle,” he wrote, “was in no way attributable to
the condition of the road.” Instead, he stated that an investigation revealed
that one of the car’s trucks broke just before reaching the bridge, which threw
the car from a track, an issue, he said, which could occur “in a thousand places” across the country. As for
Colonel Tate, Wilson said that he “is a gentleman that understands practically
every detail connected with building, or operating railroads” and that he had
“a record that any man might well be proud of.” In closing, Wilson wrote the
following:</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i>It is an outrage to try and destroy
the reputation that it has taken the best part of a lifetime to establish. All
railroad men know that their capital is their reputation, and all should feel
the importance of assisting one another so long as they can do so and act
justly by all. Then do not let the foul calumny and slander of a rival, or
personal enemy, ruin a railroad company or a friend, so long as you can keep
truth and justice on your side, and defend them.</i></span></span><br />
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</span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbDI8VWBdTRz7-EOOXAVBMXT_UMOlNy8xIG0FcG78g0xESgkAtWxkOjgCn87CaROlDVUhR7ind_YNV64YdJ9zCVTJwdFLiAhXrQmkLXWsmKWFJ3X8tm_6hcnOM6IRBKH2uhQQ4NiH_SYR0/s1600/bt5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbDI8VWBdTRz7-EOOXAVBMXT_UMOlNy8xIG0FcG78g0xESgkAtWxkOjgCn87CaROlDVUhR7ind_YNV64YdJ9zCVTJwdFLiAhXrQmkLXWsmKWFJ3X8tm_6hcnOM6IRBKH2uhQQ4NiH_SYR0/s1600/bt5.jpg" height="200" width="150" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It is difficult from this distance of time to know what personal vendetta
Simonton might have with Tate, but both were headstrong and successful men, so
there’s always the possibility that their paths had crossed previously. It is
more interesting to note, perhaps, that the special excursion train included a
number of railroad executives from northern and western railroad lines, as well
as the founder of the aforementioned Western Union. As railroads were valuable
commodities regulated and controlled by government contracts, it’s possible
that Simonton and Western Union had been working on a deal with other railroad
companies to purchase the Mississippi Central. If so, his lurid press reports
about the condition of the line and the mismanagement of the company would certainly
make the sale price go down and those in high places look more favorably at
other owners. It might also be that Simonton, as a New Yorker, objected to Tate’s
association with the Confederacy. While all of this is speculation, the
railroad line was sold within the next two years to the Louisville &
Nashville Railroad. Tate went on to become one of the early steel barons in
Birmingham and Simonton retired in 1881 to Napa Valley (he died the very next
year). While both continued successfully in their careers, it’s safe to say
that Colonel Tate did not send any Christmas greetings to J.W. Simonton.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The real tragedy, of course, was in the loss of life in the accident at
Buckner’s Trestle. Today, the site of the wreck is part of the Thacker Mountain
Rail Trail, a popular 2.8-mile path for hikers and bikers originating in Oxford.
While there is a historical marker at the site of the accident, the marker
mostly recounts the story of a second wreck which occurred at the site in 1928.
In that accident, many of the passengers injured were students at the
University of Mississippi. The railroad itself is gone and the trestle long
since disappeared. Only the memory of those killed in “the Mississippi horror”
remain.</span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">* Speer is the Great Great Grandfather of Mississippi author and historian Jeff Giambrone. In another source Speer was identified as a planter. However, Mr. Giambrone provided information that Speer was in fact a railroad engineer. </span></span> <br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><u>Photo and Image Sources</u>:</span></span><br />
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</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(1) Map: http://www.csalliance.org</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(2) Train wreck: http://www3.gendisasters.com</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(3) Speer: http://civilwartalk.com (Photo by Jeff Giambrone)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(4) Jonas: From Confederate Veteran Magazine Vol. XXIV: https://archive.org</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(5) Simonton: http://www.olivercowdery.com</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(6) Article: http://query.nytimes.com</span></span> <br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(7) From the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers Monthly Journal, June 1870</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(8) Historical Marker: http://news.olemiss.edu</span></span><br />
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<![endif]-->Jim Woodrickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15917299007746671963noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3408099437107639570.post-63213969389039121732015-01-18T18:15:00.000-06:002015-01-18T18:15:04.958-06:00Miss Camille McBeath and the USS MississippiAccording to ancient lore, Helen of Troy was so beautiful that her face “launched a thousand ships,” setting in motion the Trojan War. Here in Mississippi, in 1917, a young lady from Meridian helped launch just one ship, albeit a big one. Miss Camille McBeath, selected to christen the battleship Mississippi, participated in the launching ceremonies on January 25, 1917 in Virginia. While it was distinct honor to represent her home state on such an occasion, it was not without drama.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkQO-N_COKibwmKBf5FBlL1AeBZBRfOJT4u8PkoHOArsHywrJn7fCgdCh-X2I8XsuQxrEti2VLSbXFoqzWex9x7Q8hUlQPJwIDuBYFFlrBjpYoBaA1tzxK-i9CUtipPwiCeNKQrRtHuxiP/s1600/USS+MISS+1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkQO-N_COKibwmKBf5FBlL1AeBZBRfOJT4u8PkoHOArsHywrJn7fCgdCh-X2I8XsuQxrEti2VLSbXFoqzWex9x7Q8hUlQPJwIDuBYFFlrBjpYoBaA1tzxK-i9CUtipPwiCeNKQrRtHuxiP/s1600/USS+MISS+1.JPG" height="156" width="200" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw8i52wrOx5DwrACfTVKTEduMbP-MoBhTcfavzKBq_udGpkn8LKxVahCjek3BilLoo2AGssu-hJ-SODBIKwnBE46STNxbaUTuEbrfLLglDOk7oSfwoMF1kwVmFoCQozmvUaKELyGquZtV_/s1600/USS+Mississippi+2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw8i52wrOx5DwrACfTVKTEduMbP-MoBhTcfavzKBq_udGpkn8LKxVahCjek3BilLoo2AGssu-hJ-SODBIKwnBE46STNxbaUTuEbrfLLglDOk7oSfwoMF1kwVmFoCQozmvUaKELyGquZtV_/s1600/USS+Mississippi+2.JPG" height="200" width="142" /></a>The USS <i>Mississippi</i> was the third naval vessel to be so named and the second battleship. Her keel was laid down at Newport News, Virginia, and was built by the Newport News Shipbuilding Company. A New Mexico-class battleship, the <i>Mississippi</i> was armed with twelve 360 mm guns (among other weapons) and had a crew of 55 officers and 1,026 enlisted men. When commissioned, she was commanded by Rear Admiral Joseph L. Jayne. Born in the Brandon, Mississippi, in the midst of the Civil War, Jayne (<i>below right</i>) was an 1882 graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy and a Spanish American War veteran. Prior to World War I, he was superintendent of the U.S. Naval Observatory. His promotion to rear admiral came at the same time that the USS <i>Mississippi</i> was commissioned. The next year, the great ship would be commanded by Capt. William Adger Moffett, a South Carolinian who became an advocate of developing the use of aircraft from the decks of ships and would in time experiment with the <i>Mississippi </i>by launching scout planes from her wooden decks. By the time she went into service, however, it was too late for action in the First World War, but she saw extensive service in the Pacific during World War II and earned eight battle stars. In October 1944, the <i>Mississippi </i>was involved in the battle of Suriago Strait and fired the final salvo in what is now considered the last engagement in history between battleships. After the war, the <i>Mississippi</i> was used as a missile testing ship. The end of the <i>Mississippi</i> came in 1956, when she was sold for scrap. Before the going into service on the high seas, though, there was the matter of the traditional christening, which took place on January 25, 1917, at Newport News. Normally a fairly routine matter involving the breaking of a champagne bottle across the ship’s prow, this particular christening turned out to be a bit controversial.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinx_NVACtXm3Nwm3GcOTycFWovRM-__TEIO7w3ij8V27qVEyYr2VKsvPiG_oy0ADPE94C45DBw_uOVTdsubX6_CelepxT6fUkXfjBbqSsgjvXS3SRu2auRjw5iVmZi_T0aYsxFaoQKDGed/s1600/USS+Miss+3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinx_NVACtXm3Nwm3GcOTycFWovRM-__TEIO7w3ij8V27qVEyYr2VKsvPiG_oy0ADPE94C45DBw_uOVTdsubX6_CelepxT6fUkXfjBbqSsgjvXS3SRu2auRjw5iVmZi_T0aYsxFaoQKDGed/s1600/USS+Miss+3.JPG" height="200" width="133" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOuvSa_aFdudgdCdneB8vO-ZjjPdxbMcivcqI53LSxhgCcM7sG6mhS2Q0VZaD4YKFwtyeBJbCMN1753ZuPEyPc8VT_zLbdE0K5krFpuF5hkNI5I7OZ48nYUkfix0pEwZ_6HgCJzbkRTVGq/s1600/USS+Miss.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOuvSa_aFdudgdCdneB8vO-ZjjPdxbMcivcqI53LSxhgCcM7sG6mhS2Q0VZaD4YKFwtyeBJbCMN1753ZuPEyPc8VT_zLbdE0K5krFpuF5hkNI5I7OZ48nYUkfix0pEwZ_6HgCJzbkRTVGq/s1600/USS+Miss.JPG" height="200" width="146" /></a>Miss Camille McBeath of Meridian had been selected by Mississippi Governor Theodore G. Bilbo to do the honor of smashing the bottle. Bilbo (<i>lef</i>t) had been asked by the Secretary of the Navy to “select a girl a from the Magnolia state” to officiate. Once selected, the Secretary apparently approved, as she was not only a “popular girl” but “charming in personality, one of her greatest attractions being her unspoiled nature.” She also happened to be the niece of the Mississippi’s attorney general, Ross A. Collins, who also from Meridian, and was the daughter of James Marcus McBeath (<i>right)</i>, Bilbo’s appointee as the first chair of the new state highway commission. At the time, Mississippi’s roads were in deplorable condition and were essentially the responsibility of each county to maintain. By 1919, only half of the state’s 45,779 public roads were “surfaced” in any way, <i>Mississippi</i>. many just packed clay or dirt. Help came from a new Federal program to provide money to the states for road improvements, but to qualify it meant each state had to establish a state highway commission to oversee and distribute the funds. Opposition to the program came from county supervisors, who did not want to lose control of their own money, and from some members of the Mississippi Legislature who no doubt leery of being subject to Federal authority. Bilbo, however, saw the need to improve the roads, especially for use by military authorities during the First World War and he at least convinced the legislature to establish a state highway commission in 1916. However, it came with no staffing, no funding, and no real authority. At the time the Legislature met every two years. Before they came back into session, Federal authorities wanted assurances from Mississippi that the state would participate financially in the cost-sharing program. Bilbo, without any real authority to do so, gave the Feds that assurance and then called on the state’s attorney general (Collins) to back him up. While that may not have won many friends in the legislature, they eventually agreed to commit state funds to the federal program and J.M. McBeath, as the first state highway commission, essentially established the framework for the state highway program in Mississippi. It was during the interim period – when Bilbo had promised the Federal government what he technically could not deliver – that the governor chose to honor McBeath’s daughter and the attorney general’s niece with the opportunity to christen the USS<br />
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It should have been a fairly simple matter for Miss McBeath to smash the bottle of champagne against the prow of the <i>Mississippi</i> and smile for the camera, but before that happened the ladies of the Woman’s Christian’s Temperance Union (or W.C.T.U.) got involved. Because of Mississippi’s well-publicized stance on the prohibition of alcohol, the W.C.T.U. pressured Bilbo and other state officials to require that the ship be christened with a bottle of water, not champagne, and made arrangements with the mayor of Vicksburg, Maj. Albert Weille, to secure water from the Mississippi River for the occasion. Mayor Weille, it was reported, went to “considerable trouble” to obtain the river water and plans had been made to present the crystal, gold-encrusted bottle water to Miss McBeath during an elaborate ceremony headed by Mrs. Daisy McLaurin Stevens, daughter of the late Governor Anselm McLaurin, the president-general of the United Daughters of the Confederacy and “a noted author and patriot.” Of course, christening with water flew in the face of tradition and there were concerns that some of the sailors (who are notoriously superstitious) might not wish to be on board a vessel which had not been properly anointed.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM_rBmUgr_kmSbq94k4BS1mNpbafXlcadPKOwxIZFUUoKbkj8KuFYOY8pwMJySAYCqLAWitYVqQtaC5FsQvp1RuoYYgiG_FSKK6ZSuHpRcniRtCu_jsjuuoj1mANMdqKBEh4-WyRadp3a6/s1600/USS+Miss+5.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM_rBmUgr_kmSbq94k4BS1mNpbafXlcadPKOwxIZFUUoKbkj8KuFYOY8pwMJySAYCqLAWitYVqQtaC5FsQvp1RuoYYgiG_FSKK6ZSuHpRcniRtCu_jsjuuoj1mANMdqKBEh4-WyRadp3a6/s1600/USS+Miss+5.JPG" height="200" width="195" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu4ADqhAk2jOshpu16je1LScBN4jtsBc3_N1ixAtdjazqg4BKZ57rS5JjntjwGx-AwHpAjTuaoIfIEN9WcYlf_tNtuM39CvUdnX8Vnd1zYJEIDdrK-HtODZj6NouccKSZwuo1bOOgpDtfN/s1600/USS+Miss+6.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu4ADqhAk2jOshpu16je1LScBN4jtsBc3_N1ixAtdjazqg4BKZ57rS5JjntjwGx-AwHpAjTuaoIfIEN9WcYlf_tNtuM39CvUdnX8Vnd1zYJEIDdrK-HtODZj6NouccKSZwuo1bOOgpDtfN/s1600/USS+Miss+6.JPG" height="320" width="204" /></a>To solve the question of whether the state could turn wine into water, J.M. McBeath (no doubt at the behest of Gov. Bilbo) contacted the Secretary of the Navy, Josephus Daniels, to ask that the state be allowed to use water in the ceremony. Daniels kicked it back to Bilbo, stating that it was up to the governor to make that decision. When shown the dispatch from the Secretary, Bilbo said that while it might be “up to him,” he preferred to let Miss McBeath make the decision and “use her own good judgement.” Thus, a 24-year-old girl was given the task of choosing between tradition and the ladies of the W.C.T.U., a decision neither the governor nor the Secretary of the Navy had been willing to make. Wisely (and likely based on advice from her father), Camille McBeath appealed to the Newport News Shipbuilding Company to make the decision, as she and the dozens of state officials were technically the guests of the company. In response, the shipbuilding company stated its opposition to changing the program (which had already been set) and that the christening should proceed with wine as planned.<br />
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On the day of the event, as the “red-coated hull of the super-dreadnaught” was moored to a pier at the Newport News shipbuilding plant, Miss Camille McBeath, before a crowd of approximately 20,000, including Gov. Bilbo, Secretary Daniels and most of Mississippi's congressional delegation, successfully christened the new ship with a bottle of bubbly. Apparently, the whole occasion went off without a hitch or a murmur from the W.C.T.U. After smashing the bottle, the ship “began its journey down the ways to the waters of the James River,” to the great relief of the sailors who were happy to know that tradition trumped temperance, at least for a day. And, of course, there was one less bottle of champagne for the W.C.T.U. to worry about...<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><u>PHOTO AND IMAGE SOURCES</u>:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(1) USS <i>Mississippi</i>: http://www.navsource.org</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(2) Jayne: http://en.wikipedia.org</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(3) Bilbo: http://www.allposters.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(4) J.M. McBeath: From the <i>Highway Magazine</i>, February 1922, p. 3</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(5) W.C.T.U. poster: http://www.drugwar.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(6) Camille McBeath: http://www.old-picture.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(7) Newpaper article: http://www.newspapers.com</span>
<!-- Blogger automated replacement: "https://images-blogger-opensocial.googleusercontent.com/gadgets/proxy?url=http%3A%2F%2F4.bp.blogspot.com%2F-9G7pmU4nJOA%2FVLxHCg72WMI%2FAAAAAAAAFLk%2FPwCyVBw1IjA%2Fs1600%2FUSS%252BMiss%252B3.JPG&container=blogger&gadget=a&rewriteMime=image%2F*" with "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinx_NVACtXm3Nwm3GcOTycFWovRM-__TEIO7w3ij8V27qVEyYr2VKsvPiG_oy0ADPE94C45DBw_uOVTdsubX6_CelepxT6fUkXfjBbqSsgjvXS3SRu2auRjw5iVmZi_T0aYsxFaoQKDGed/s1600/USS+Miss+3.JPG" -->Jim Woodrickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15917299007746671963noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3408099437107639570.post-79531186742030545602014-12-24T15:08:00.000-06:002014-12-24T15:08:23.626-06:00Christmas Past: Another Civil War SamplerBy request, here is another collection of accounts from Christmas during the Civil War. As with last year’s edition, the excerpts from diaries, letters and memoirs below are from both Union and Confederate sources and vary from privates to generals. Also included are a couple of civilian reminiscences, including a very unusual account from a newspapers involving lots and lots of liquor. In the accounts, you will find talk of Santa Claus, food and drink (mostly egg nog) and thoughts and prayers for home and family. Some are sad and others reflect the joy of the season even in the midst of difficult circumstances. Whether written from a Confederate perspective or a Union point of view, each are very similar, and that's no surprise, as they were all Americans. Enjoy, and best wishes for a happy and prosperous New Year!<br />
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Camp E.K. Smith near Manassas, December, 1861<br />
Father, Dear Sir,<br />
I take the opportunity of dropping you a few lines to let you know that I am well at present…Day before yesterday the box came to hand which my things were in. I got them all. The blankets will answer a very good purpose for camp…<br />
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It is a very dull Christmas up here. We cannot get any whiskey to make us any eggnog. Everything is very high up here. We have to pay three prices for anything we get…There is not a prospect for a fight here. The soldiers are all going into winter quarters. We are building our quarters…It will take us two weeks to finish, yet I would like to come home and spend the winter and come back in the spring so that I could get some potatoes and bacon. We have not had a pound of bacon in two months. We have eat beef so much that we have a disgust against ever seeing beef any more. I hardly ever eat it. I buy butter, and I generally have to give four bits a pound. I hope you all have a merry Christmas for we could not have any here…<br />
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Give my love to all relations and friends. Write soon. I remain your son until death.<br />
J.J. Wilson, 16th Mississippi Infantry<br />
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Folly Island [South Carolina] Sunday, Dec. 27th 1863<br />
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My Beloved Mother—<br />
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Some time has elapsed since the date of my last note to you, longer than I usually allow myself to be silent. But we have been extremely busy preparing for Christmas. Since we came back from Otter Island, we have had a great deal of hard work to do. The first thing on the docket was to build a house for the company to eat their meals in. The other companies in the regiment had built theirs for a similar purpose. D company, being the last on the list, we concluded we would have something that would take the starch out of the rest of them. For a long time we have borne the reputation of being the best company in the 40th, & we resolved that our reputation should not suffer for lack of a good “eating house.” Our principal trouble has been the lack of tools, but we put our wits at work and with the use of axes, hatchets & one saw, have got up quite a building, of the following dimension, 23 ft. long, 20 ft. broad, 10 ft. rafter, with a little portico in the front. The house is covered with palmetto leaves, windows are of the gothic style with lattice work, and a white curtain inside. We are to have five tables inside, capable of seating 12 men each and have got a fine building take it all the way round. By dint of hard exertion we completed it sufficiently to allow us to take our first meal Christmas noon. Well, we had a big dinner, I can tell you. The best I have seen since I entered the service of Uncle Sam.—We had roast beef, turnips, potatoes, tomatoes, and all the “fixin’s” such as horse radish, pepper sauce, &c. Then come on a great plum pudding, and mince pies, and a dessert of apples, raisins and nuts. Our officers were very kind, and tried their best to give us an opportunity to enjoy ourselves, and we did just that thing I can tell you. By orders from headquarters the day was set apart as a holiday (no duty to perform.)—The officers of the Reg’t. for the purpose of having some sport had contributed funds for prizes in several games and races, as follows.<br />
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We had an exquisite Christmas gift the night before, a magnificent serenade, a compliment from Colonel Breaux. It very singularly happened that Miriam, Anna, and Ned Badger were sitting up in the parlor, watching alone for Christmas, when the band burst forth at the steps, and startled them into a stampede upstairs. But Gibbes, who came with the serenaders, caught them and brought them back into the parlor, where there were only eight gentlemen; and in this novel, unheard-of style, only these two girls, with Gibbes to play propriety, entertained all these people at midnight while the band played without. . . .<br />
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I commenced writing to-day expressly to speak of our pleasant Christmas; yet it seems as though I would write about anything except that, since I have not come to it yet. Perhaps it is because I feel I could not do it justice. At least, I can say who was there. At sunset came Captain Bradford and Mr. Conn, the first stalking in with all the assurance which a handsome face and fine person can lend, the second following with all the timidity of a first appearance. . . . Again, after a long pause, the door swung open, and enter Mr. Halsey, who bows and takes the seat on the other side of me, and Mr. Bradford, of Colonel Allen memory, once more returned to his regiment, who laughs, shakes hands all around, and looks as happy as a schoolboy just come home for the holidays, who has never-ending visions of plumcakes, puddings, and other sweet things. While all goes on merrily, another rap comes, and enter Santa Claus, dressed in the old uniform of the Mexican War, with a tremendous cocked hat, and preposterous beard of false hair, which effectually conceal the face, and but for the mass of tangled short curls no one could guess that the individual was Bud. It was a device of the General's, which took us all by surprise. Santa Claus passes slowly around the circle, and pausing before each lady, draws from his basket a cake which he presents with a bow, while to each gentleman he presents a wineglass replenished from a most suspicious-looking black bottle which also reposes there. Leaving us all wonder and laughter, Santa Claus retires with a basket much lighter than it had been at his entrance. . . .Then follow refreshments, and more and more talk and laughter, until the clock strikes twelve, when all these ghosts bid a hearty good-night and retire.<br />
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Charles Macreading Vincent, 40th Massachusetts Infantry<br />
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December 25. [1862] - There is nothing new up to to-day, Christmas. We moved our camp a little piece. Eigenbrun came to see us to-day from home, and brought me a splendid cake from Miss Clara Phile. This is certainly a hard Christmas for us - bitter cold, raining and snowing all the time, and we have no tents. The only shelter we have is a blanket spread over a few poles, and gather leaves and put them in that shelter for a bed.<br />
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Louis Leon, 1st North Carolina Infantry<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig1We6jeycMgKmV-IJoUiBnkZllMlJSgx2bg-culpdlKAcHbdUfbzwofx_fuyN5HEzKiZ4qJcRmCvmjXkIcgva0Iw2VQawGl9cJ7KMeNnDZ-DzOyE8lzTBPbjqzGi3sJTF4GQtGL4vVjpI/s1600/Haas.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig1We6jeycMgKmV-IJoUiBnkZllMlJSgx2bg-culpdlKAcHbdUfbzwofx_fuyN5HEzKiZ4qJcRmCvmjXkIcgva0Iw2VQawGl9cJ7KMeNnDZ-DzOyE8lzTBPbjqzGi3sJTF4GQtGL4vVjpI/s1600/Haas.JPG" height="200" width="156" /></a>Dec. 25 [1864]: Christmas day among the troops. . . .Whiskey has been the program of Christmas Eve, and all this day some have their roasted turkey, while some have hard tac and coffee. I take my big dinner the day before. The troops are on a spree. The day has been quite lively with cannonading and music by the bands at headquarters. It remains so this evening. No news in camp this day. . .<br />
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Jacob Haas, 51st Pennsylvania<br />
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Thurs. Dec. 22. We went to get our Christmas tree this evening. It was very cold but we did not feel it we were so excited about it.<br />
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Fri. Dec. 23. I went down to Mrs. Lesters and Ella and me planted the tree and finished making the last presents. I came home and strained some pumpkins to make some pies for Christmas.<br />
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Sat. Dec. 24. I have been buisy to day making cakes to trim the tree and Ella and I have it all ready trimed and we are all going to night to see it. I think it looks very pretty. We will be sorry when it is all over.<br />
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Sun. Dec. 25, 1864. We all went down last night to see the tree and how pretty it looked. The room was full of ladies and children and Cap. gave us music on the pianno and tried to do all he could to make us enjoy our selves and we did have a merry time. All came home perfectly satisfied. This has ben a cold dark day but we all went down to see how the tree looked in the day time but it was not as pretty as at night.<br />
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Carrie Berry, a 10-year-old girl in Atlanta, Georgia<br />
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Camp Wycliff Ky.<br />
December 25th 1861<br />
Miss Orrilla Davis and Nan Davis<br />
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My dear little daughters,<br />
<br />
This is Christmas night and no doubt while I am setting in my tent in a war camp, you are enjoying yourselves at the Christmas Supper which I understand you are having at the Court House. No doubt you are enjoying yourselves over your Christmas presents and I hope Santa Claus in his rambles last night did not miss the Stockings of my two little girls but put something nice in them to make them happy. I got a Christmas present this evening which was nothing more than a letter from my dear little girl, and I now hasten to answer it. I was very sorry to hear that our sweet little babe was so sick but I hope it is getting well before this time and no doubt but what I will next hear that you and Nan will both have the measels and if you do you must be patient and you will soon get well again. I was surprised that you could write so good a letter & I read it to some of the boys and they said it contained more news than one half of the letters that they got from Liberty.<br />
<br />
We did not have to drill today consequently I do not feel as tired as I do some nights. I will tell you what we had to eat today as you no doubt would like to know. Well we had roast chicken, oysters, peach pie, dried beef, molasses, brisket, butter, crackers, milk, sweet potatoes, rice, eggs &c. So you see we did not starve. It was not cooked as nice as your mother could cook it but it was very good. We bought most of it from country people and they sell them cheap enough if they were only cooked good but they are poor people who bring them and they have to cook them by the fire in skillets as they have no cook stoves. Stuffed chickens ready cooked are worth 20 & 25 cts, pies 10 cts, cabbage 5 cts apples 6 for 5 cts. milk 10 cts pr qt. roast turkies 75 and 80 cts. Sweet potatoes 75 cts per bushel, and many other things about the same. Jo Miller is in my tent while I am writing and almost cried when he read your letter…<br />
<br />
The drums are now beating for us to put out the lights so I must stop for this time but will write to some of you again this week. You must write to me often as that is the way to learn, and you don’t know how glad it makes me to get a letter from my dear little girls.<br />
No more this time from your affectionate father,<br />
<br />
A.F. Davis<br />
Andrew F. Davis, Co. I, 15th Indiana Infantry<br />
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There came a carload of boxes for the prisoners about Christmas which after reasonable inspection, they were allowed to receive. My box contained more cause for merriment and speculation as to its contents than satisfaction. It had received rough treatment on its way, and a bottle of catsup had broken and its contents very generally distributed through the box. Mince pie and fruit cake saturated with tomato catsup was about as palatable as "embalmed beef" of the Cuban memory; but there were other things. Then, too, a friend had sent me in a package a bottle of old brandy. On Christmas morning I quietly called several comrades up to my bunk to taste the precious fluid of... DISAPPOINTMENT! The bottle had been opened outside, the brandy taken and replaced with water, adroitly recorded, and sent in. I hope the Yankee who played that practical joke lived to repent it and was shot before the war ended.<br />
<br />
Henry Kyd Douglas, written from Johnson’s Island Prison, Ohio<br />
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My Dear Little Pet, On this Christmas Eve I have no doubt you have been enjoying yourself, perhaps with the toys of the season, eaten your nuts and cakes, hung up your stockings in the chimney corner for old Kris Kinkle, when he comes along with his tiny horses, "Dunder and Blixen" and his little wagon to fill in Lots and Gobs of sweet things, sugar, candy sugar plums, and if you please, sugar every thing. Well, When I was a little boy, a good many years ago, I was fond of such things myself. And when I look back, they were indeed the happiest days of my life. Enjoy them my little "Pet"--they come but once. The boys, I mean the two Willies, are getting too old for the enjoyment you can have. When ignorance is bliss `tis folly to be wise. I wish you a Merry Christmas and many of them. I must close. There is a lot of soldiers at my door giving me a serenade and I must give it some attention.<br />
<br />
Your affectionate Papa<br />
<br />
Union Brig. Gen. John Geary, Fairfax Station, Virginia, December 24, 1862, to his daughter<br />
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<br />
My Dear Mattie:<br />
Enclosed you will please find a piece of poetry that is well adapted to my present feelings, which you can keep for my sake:<br />
<br />
Thy room is vacant; Thy smile is gone, and I am quite sad and lone<br />
Oh! Naught is left my heart to cheer, But gloomy shades of black despair.<br />
Oh! What deep grief it caused my heart that you and I did have to part<br />
I weep for thee, my hearts best love, as doeth the lonely, mateless dove.<br />
Where’er I go to find relief, I only find more bitter grief;<br />
I often roam from place to place, In search of lines thy hand hath traced.<br />
But they were burned in curling flame, And naught remains but thy loved name<br />
Oh! that my heaving breast was stilled, My cup of grief hath been well filled.<br />
Then “twilight” falls upon me now, Before me “God” I humbly bow,<br />
and ask that He would soon return The one for whom my heart doth burn.<br />
And then, Dear Mattie, I look away With hopes to see a brighter day<br />
Oh! May that happy day soon dawn, When you, loved one, will be my own again.<br />
Then my sad heart will bound in bliss, at the soft touch of thy warm kiss,<br />
And I will prove my love sincere, For thee, my own beloved dear.<br />
Therefore, I’ll try and not repine, I fondly know thy heart is mine,<br />
Thy picture I behold in tears, But look for bliss in future years.<br />
The ringlet of your golden hair, Is to my gaze supremely fair;<br />
Those lines in verse you marked with grace, Have often been most fondly traced.<br />
The ring which you have given me, Is token of your courtesy,<br />
Is emblematic of my love , Without an end as time will prove.<br />
All, all the token of thy love, Are dear to me as heaven above;<br />
They are a treasure to my heart, Which never can from it depart.<br />
<br />
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And now, dearest one, I will keep this till after Christmas Day and then I will send it to you as I will have perhaps something new by that time to write. This is the 23rd day and Christmas is near by; how I am to spend it I cannot tell. I sent my name out to a private house today for dinner on the 25th. I am nearly starved for something good to eat--we get nothing here but mean water to drink and poor beef to eat, and good as no salt we don’t have any to put on our bread--one small tea cup of salt for 20 lbs. of beef, and that has to do eight men three days.<br />
<br />
Soldiers dying very fast; busy burying all of the time. No war news to write only they are fighting like rip in places--big battle at Fredericksburg, Va., a few days ago; our loss, about 18 hundred. The enemy’s is estimated from 8 to 15 thousand--shame to think how men are butchering up one another. No prospects of peace as we can hear.<br />
<br />
I never hear from any of the boys: I don’t know where they are. I am going to write to mother in a few days. Our president, Jeff Davis, and Joseph E. Johnston were out here last Sunday to see our brigade, but I was sick and could not get out to see them. I have been quite sick for the past week- -bowel disease--but am nearly well again; will be able for duty in a day or two. I will have to pay 8 or 10 bits for my dinner if I succeed in getting Christmas. Bacon is worth from 50 cents to one dollar per pound here; eggs $1.25 per dozen, chickens, $1.50; butter, $1.25 per pound; everything else in proportion. I think if I live to see next spring that I will come home. It does seem to me that I can’t stay away any longer. I will send you a ring when I send this if I can get one.<br />
<br />
After Christmas is over, I will write you a few more lines and send this, and tell all about my dinner.<br />
Good-bye Babies,<br />
<br />
E.H. Goodwin, Co. E, 31st Louisiana Infantry, December 23, 1861<br />
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Christmas and New Year's were very pleasantly remembered in this winter camp, though observed somewhat differently than they had been on former occasions and in other places. Still the American will ever remember his holidays, and, if possible, celebrate them with such ceremonies as his ingenuity may suggest or his means and condition enable him to improve. We had "select" dinner parties, with rare entertainment; music by our excellent band, speeches, and minor festivities of a more general character. One of the incidents of Christmas day was a procession formed by all who were permitted to be festive, headed by a donkey, the gravest ass of the company, mounted by an impersonation of Old Nicholas. This procession moved about the camp to the music of fife and drum, much to the amusement of both the participants and the lookers-on. Lieutenant-Colonel Chandler nominally commanded this merry expedition, but the donkey, being a little obstinate and difficult to ride in a straight line, really became the solemn chief of the occasion. There were other far more brilliant exhibitions with and around us, but probably none where the participants became more innocently jolly.<br />
<br />
Edwin Mortimer Haynes, 10th Vermont Infantry<br />
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<br />
The local editor of the Vicksburg <i>Sun</i> relates the following as his Christmas experience:<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhziH5igTDEOJ6csIsk30-RthdL00HzuLTp0Bgb_vuVkvgPrknAbC_iwNYnRTvJ6RGaJJHjCm6c_Gyld6IfR9WzzReNZYoK1dYil2aF4VA8h7zoQxogqa92IejMw_-e-5R418zJs_DdoWyT/s1600/Christmas+2.5.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhziH5igTDEOJ6csIsk30-RthdL00HzuLTp0Bgb_vuVkvgPrknAbC_iwNYnRTvJ6RGaJJHjCm6c_Gyld6IfR9WzzReNZYoK1dYil2aF4VA8h7zoQxogqa92IejMw_-e-5R418zJs_DdoWyT/s1600/Christmas+2.5.JPG" height="200" width="174" /></a>Egg nog is a very difficult thing to compound to suit one’s palate. We tried the experiment yesterday and after drinking one glass we arrived at the conclusion there was too much egg. We diluted the mixture with Otard and tried again, but after two glasses of the new compound we discovered it was not sufficiently sweet. More sugar being added, we imbibed several glasses, but the result of the experiment was that excess of sugar we had added ‘gan to pall upon our wearied sense. So we again diluted the mixture and set to, but this time it involved the second bottle of brandy, which proved to be rather fiery after sipping three or four glasses, so we qualified the mixture with rum. Now rum per se is a very delectable beverage, and when mixed with brandy and converted into nog, it is for the gods. So we devoted our attention to the nog, and managed to put about a quart under our belt. We then smoked a cigar, and feeling dry, imbibed three or four glasses of nog, but it had a villainous twang. We added more rum and then we drank. We believe we drank several times more, when not liking the flavor of the sugar, we thought we would go out and buy a plantation and make sugar to our own liking. Took a turn around the room and took another drink. Somebody set two glasses and two bowls of nog on the table at least it seemed so to us; so we waited for our friends to come, but as they didn’t, we drank to their health out of both bowls and with two tumblers. Made more nog, cracked an egg containing a very juvenile chicken, popped him in and rather reckon that chicken got tight at a very early age. Drank more nog. Feeling very dry, we concluded to go out and get a glass of nog, but on looking up we saw two doors, and as we knew our room had but one, we thought we would wait until our friends with whom we were drinking should return and show us the way out. Tasted some more nog, and imagined that we had been converted into a big egg, and that our darling Mary Ann was about to break us in two preparatory to converting us into nog. Found we had been snoozing, and took more nog to keep us awake. We – here – began – to – think – that – then – nog – was - * * * *<br />
<br />
- reprinted in the Daily <i>Constitutionalist</i>, Augusta , Georgia, January 26, 1862<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
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<br />
Steamer <i>John J. Roe</i><br />
December 25, 1862<br />
<br />
Dear Wife,<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX_MryklpH2UbkVXRjpHZzd2dkEGVBSHZO96JoIIxUv-6Je0hsIHmxnWgF7CDEg3TIAa1eXfe8DyYpKCL-4TbF6Gg4CwRgYaMwT9ioPpSalXYtQ_7XHx13R2dm0bKxfwM24DDA3WzXJwlt/s1600/Christmas+2.8.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX_MryklpH2UbkVXRjpHZzd2dkEGVBSHZO96JoIIxUv-6Je0hsIHmxnWgF7CDEg3TIAa1eXfe8DyYpKCL-4TbF6Gg4CwRgYaMwT9ioPpSalXYtQ_7XHx13R2dm0bKxfwM24DDA3WzXJwlt/s1600/Christmas+2.8.JPG" height="154" width="320" /></a>Well, dear, it is Christmas and I am on board this old boat. Landed at Milliken’s Bend in Louisiana 22 miles above Vicksburg by land, and have just been on shore taking a walk and saw rebel pickets. Now where are you and what are you doing? I would like so well to know. Where were we last Christmas and what did we do? I have been trying to think, but can’t make it out. I know we were together someplace and I hope we will be again next Christmas. It seems so strange that I should be away down here 1,300 miles from you. What did the children find in their stockings? I lay awake two or three hours this morning thinking of them and wishing I could see them…<br />
<br />
Your own, Jake<br />
<br />
Captain Jacob Ritner, 25th Iowa Infantry<br />
<br />
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<br />
Camp Fisher [Virginia] Decr. 31st 1861<br />
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<br />
Dear Sister<br />
<br />
We have built our winter quarters and are living as comfortably as rats. Plenty to eat and nothing to do. Our mess chest abounds with meal, flour, rice, bacon, beef, sugar, coffee, and sometimes with vegetables. Sometimes we draw fresh pork. Our Christmas was dull. No eggnogs, apple toddies, candy, stews, nor Christmas parties cheered our lonely Christmas day. All we could do was sit around our fires and discuss the good old days of yore, the beauty of our sweethearts and our gloomy Christmas.<br />
<br />
Richard C. Bridges, 11th Mississippi Infantry<br />
<br />
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<br />
December 25th<br />
<br />
We spent this our third Christmas in the army in moving our camp from the Picayune Press to Woods Press on Cannall Street. Here we had rather better quarters and pleasant surroundings. We were on the principle streets of the city, something like a mile back from the river…The good folks at home sent us a box of good things and among other things there was a four gallon jar of gilt edged butter and as we had hardly tasted butter for something over two years. I think that butter never tasted quite so good to mortal man before or since. It helped out our sad bread and hardtack wonderfully.<br />
<br />
William Wiley, 77th Illinois Infantry, in New Orleans, Louisiana<br />
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About twenty young men and girls gathered around small tables in one of the drawing rooms of the mansion and the cornucopias were begun. The men wrapped the squares of candy, first reading the “sentiments” printed upon them, such as “Roses are red, violets blue, sugar’s sweet and so are you,” “If you love me as I love you no knife can cut our love in two.” The fresh young faces, wreathed in smiles, nodded attention to the reading, while with their small deft hands they [glued] the cornucopias and pasted on the pictures…. Then the coveted eggnog was passed around in tiny glass cups and pronounced good. Crisp home-made ginger snaps and snowy lady cake completed the refreshments of Christmas Eve….In most of the houses in Richmond these same scenes were enacted, certainly in every one of the homes of the managers of the Episcopalian Orphanage. A bowl of eggnog was sent to the servants, and a part of everything they coveted of the dainties.<br />
<br />
Varina Howell Davis, on Christmas in the Confederate White House, 1864<br />
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prisoner's ear, and puffs in his pale face with a breath suggestively odorous of eggnog."<br />
<br />
Christmas Day! A day which was made for smiles, not sighs - for laughter, not tears - for the hearth, not prison."<br />
<br />
Federico Cavada, 114th Pennsylvania<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
____</div>
<br />
December 25th [1864]<br />
Christmas Day, and very very cold. Have been moving about some of late, but<br />
are again in our old quarters, We have had very unpleasant weather for several<br />
weeks, The rain had almost washed us away. The whole country around about<br />
here appears to be under water it is almost impossible to get about at all. All<br />
military movements will have to stop until the roads improve, It is said that<br />
Ladies of Richmond intend giving us a New Years dinner hope it may prove true<br />
would like right will to get something good to eat. The health of the Regt<br />
continues good. There is no news of any importance<br />
<br />
January 1st [1865]<br />
The long talked of Christmas dinner has come at last. Three turkeys, two ducks,<br />
one chicken and about ninety loves, for three hundred and fifty soldiers. Not a<br />
mouth full apiece where has it all gone too, where [did] it go The commisser or<br />
quarter masters no doubt got . May the Lord have mercy on the poor soldiers<br />
<br />
John Kennedy Coleman, 6th South Carolina Infantry<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><u>Photo and Image Sources</u>:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(1) Winter Quarters: http://etc.usf.edu</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(2) Camp Scene: http://eenusa.smugmug.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(3) Vincent: http://vineyardgazette.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(4) Hass: http://fossilhd.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(5) Santa Claus: http://communities.washingtontimes.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(6) Douglas: http://www.nps.gov</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(7) Geary: http://www.civilwar.org</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(8) Soldier in Camp: http://collections.richmondhistorycenter.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(9) Winter Hut: http://www.kidport.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(10) Egg Nog: http://www.historicarkansas.org</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(10) John J. Roe: http://forum3.aimoo.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(11) Confederate White House: http://jerryd14.wordpress.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(12) Cavada: http://npsgnmp.wordpress.com</span>Jim Woodrickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15917299007746671963noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3408099437107639570.post-88336018314511342432014-12-18T10:50:00.000-06:002014-12-19T09:13:07.068-06:00"Hell on Wheels:" Sam Jones Comes to Jackson<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_5JeIQs_Np9Xy6ewr1ClEMUoa6XvVpdJu_kr1xcivF-kuDqTAUqFonvdw0LfLr8nKsTFlQhiX7Hepum_hwFm0dlqLuqu15dPKsRSCERQJP5ecFNv2nfvWYXpwZf0iOqr4RQ0vb7di8Gm7/s1600/Jones+7.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_5JeIQs_Np9Xy6ewr1ClEMUoa6XvVpdJu_kr1xcivF-kuDqTAUqFonvdw0LfLr8nKsTFlQhiX7Hepum_hwFm0dlqLuqu15dPKsRSCERQJP5ecFNv2nfvWYXpwZf0iOqr4RQ0vb7di8Gm7/s1600/Jones+7.PNG" height="200" width="188" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8c_d0RATjDcRcUnc3ii3SiNjIfVe6W2febnMyKFCVDvkXLxq0Lzm_AeRkgysMB4a1F5AO2LPJo_SPj2ugZG89Ybtx5Bx61GA2DLroMhy6LBhN9mZsdRiqxjnnX2Sal1rUYLWtS2XQxyFn/s1600/Jones+1.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8c_d0RATjDcRcUnc3ii3SiNjIfVe6W2febnMyKFCVDvkXLxq0Lzm_AeRkgysMB4a1F5AO2LPJo_SPj2ugZG89Ybtx5Bx61GA2DLroMhy6LBhN9mZsdRiqxjnnX2Sal1rUYLWtS2XQxyFn/s1600/Jones+1.PNG" height="150" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sam Jones was
born in Oak Bowery, Alabama in 1847. At age nine, he moved to Cartersville,
Georgia, with his father (his mother having died) and graduated from a local
academy. His father greatly desired that Sam become an attorney and,
subsequently, he passed the bar and became a lawyer in 1868. Unfortunately, he
wasn’t a very good lawyer and as a result fell into fits of depression and
alcoholism. Working a series of odd jobs, he was barely able to support his
growing family. In 1872, though, all that changed when Sam Jones (<i>right</i>) experienced a
dramatic religious conversion as his father lay on his deathbed. He immediately
gave up drinking and later that same year entered the ministry and became an
itinerant Methodist preacher. In 1881, he was appointed as the agent for the
North Georgia Orphans Home (<i>right</i>), which was in Decatur, Georgia. In an effort to
raise enough funds to keep the orphanage afloat financially, Jones started
traveling the state, preaching and speaking on behalf of the orphanage. In the
process, he found he had a gift for revival preaching and he began attracting
large crowds. In 1884, Jones was invited to come to Memphis, where his
preaching attracted such attention he was invited to Nashville the next year.
There, a man named Tom Ryman was converted at one of Jones’ services. </span></span><br />
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0YI1z8FgWzOFcjhK4L6wBCXWwWFDtA2sQyO83EIdDReE-Uw2tztCXhtReMxm9Fws58KU5KH47I_klHiBdjNQ0PVA-Lm-fvmS9lhJmKmevIESsQbLbidvnkDCs67f3Asd7OE-IaUI4dJL_/s1600/Jones+2.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0YI1z8FgWzOFcjhK4L6wBCXWwWFDtA2sQyO83EIdDReE-Uw2tztCXhtReMxm9Fws58KU5KH47I_klHiBdjNQ0PVA-Lm-fvmS9lhJmKmevIESsQbLbidvnkDCs67f3Asd7OE-IaUI4dJL_/s1600/Jones+2.PNG" height="145" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Though
lacking any formal education, Tom Ryman was a shrewd businessman. By 1885, Ryman
controlled a fleet thirty-five riverboats and a string of saloons. Among Sam
Jones’ favorite targets during his sermons was drinking and gambling, both of
which cut into Ryman’s profits. So, with the intent of disrupting Jones’
revival, Tom Ryman went to one of the services to “raise a ruckus.” During
the revival, however, Ryman was converted and pledged to build a building large
enough to accommodate anyone who wished to hear Jones and other revival
preachers in Nashville. Seven years later, the Union Gospel Tabernacle was
completed at a cost of $100,000, and Jones preached there on June 1, 1892.
Ryman died twelve years later and Jones preached his funeral on Christmas Day.
During the funeral, which was attended by 5,000 people, Sam Jones proposed that
the Union Gospel Tabernacle be renamed the Ryman Auditorium (<i>left</i>) in Ryman’s honor.
Today, the Ryman Auditorium is a National Historic Landmark, recognized both
for its architecture and its contribution to country music, as the building was
the home of the Grand Ole Opry for many years. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcWl0cgZQxWOrNgraXOq9MQ7GnThocYsstOvi5AecHcjFrA2E2sGzI-b2vVY0VO4Xd2kRJI-zQ4iG9FQsL0zTzLaOuM_h-pWLv7MBl915kKE_YZafCywvWAIdrexN-PIQkamGbvsSxSF33/s1600/Jones+5.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcWl0cgZQxWOrNgraXOq9MQ7GnThocYsstOvi5AecHcjFrA2E2sGzI-b2vVY0VO4Xd2kRJI-zQ4iG9FQsL0zTzLaOuM_h-pWLv7MBl915kKE_YZafCywvWAIdrexN-PIQkamGbvsSxSF33/s1600/Jones+5.PNG" height="171" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Four years
after Sam Jones held his great revival in Nashville, he came to Jackson,
Mississippi, at the request of both the city fathers and Bishop Charles Betts
Galloway of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Jones arrived by train on
June 4, 1889. He had visited Jackson the previous November and had spoken to
a packed audience in the House of Representatives chamber of the state capitol
(now the Old Capitol Museum). At that time, he promised to return to Jackson to
hold a revival, and now in June he was delivering on that promise. Jones had
just concluded a series of revival meetings in Danville, Virginia, and arrived
on the Vicksburg and Meridian Railroad after a long journey. Despite that, he
asked to be taken directly to the revival site instead of taking time to
refresh himself at the home of Major Reuben Webster Millsaps on North State
Street. This house, now known as the Millsaps-Buie House (<i>above</i> <i>right</i>), was brand new, having
been completed the year before. Instead of going to the Millsaps home first,
Sam Jones stated that he was anxious to get to work, as “Jackson has a pretty
hard name and he wanted to meet its sinners early and intended to stay with
them late.” As such, he was taken directly from the train depot to the meeting
place, which was held in a large tent erected on the north end of the capitol
grounds (about where the War Memorial Building is today). The “mammoth tent”
had seating to accommodate four thousand people, and special train fares were
arranged to bring visitors to Jackson from as far away as Osyka and Michigan
City on the Illinois Central. The revival services lasted more than a week and
drew enormous crowds to hear the great evangelist, who preached three times
each day (at 9:30, 3:00 and 8:00). </span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqtPmv2O4-Y1Xv0RmHJJJU_-uW1rfV-EBufRsQ6niAwAOrLh972OXsCam8oBPcFze57xbLmHRmC8NyysWEI63X9Y_MQXGXdl3M1WOxG9vh7B1vx0UNaC5I2BjEMIiphVvSo1Xapae2pgrw/s1600/Jones+4.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqtPmv2O4-Y1Xv0RmHJJJU_-uW1rfV-EBufRsQ6niAwAOrLh972OXsCam8oBPcFze57xbLmHRmC8NyysWEI63X9Y_MQXGXdl3M1WOxG9vh7B1vx0UNaC5I2BjEMIiphVvSo1Xapae2pgrw/s1600/Jones+4.PNG" height="200" width="143" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho6weMlldnY_07lXCFDvfW0H-ctIvdOXC9vRXjZdLivbjORc6lfje0Ybk_c5wov_WNi5QnTqNA07L3SdYzOz5z_6XKGz4GCmtJeZ-0aacBMNNDgaap2Ul4CoMHL3c5gdj_SWCNQODhE75s/s1600/Jones+10.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho6weMlldnY_07lXCFDvfW0H-ctIvdOXC9vRXjZdLivbjORc6lfje0Ybk_c5wov_WNi5QnTqNA07L3SdYzOz5z_6XKGz4GCmtJeZ-0aacBMNNDgaap2Ul4CoMHL3c5gdj_SWCNQODhE75s/s1600/Jones+10.PNG" height="200" width="150" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It must have
been quite a show. Jones’ preaching style was described in a variety of ways by
those who experienced the revival. “He plays upon an audience as a skillful
master would a harpsichord,” a reporter observed. “In truth, to Sam Jones an
audience is a marionette, subservient to his power – to weep, to laugh, to
sigh, to scream, as pleases him.” Continuing, the writer said of Jones: “He is
versatile, facile. Felicitous. At times reverent, tender, touching and
pathetic; then jolly, joking, humorous and ridiculous; often rough, rude, loud
and slangy; but whether tender or rough, always pleasing and entertaining, ever
the inimitable, unapproachable Sam Jones, who says what he pleases in his own
quaint way, without offending anyone. No other man could do as he does and
live.” A reporter for the Brookhaven <i>Leader </i>observed that “his speech rolls
like an endless chain and every link is a new surprise. An inexhaustible
magazine of wit, humor and quaintness, of eloquence, pathos, fire and dynamite,
his hearers never know which is going to explode until they are hit.” After
observing Jones in action, a gentleman from Jackson, who was “not known for his
piety,” said simply that he was “hell on wheels.” Whatever one thought of his
style, it seemed to work. Although he was a Methodist minister, Jones attracted
folks from many different denominations, and he appealed to the common man in
his sermons, often focusing on the evil influence of money and power. In his
first sermon in Jackson, despite the fact that his tent was next to the state
capitol, Jones took aim at those in power: “I would rather be an humble Methodist
minister than President of the United States. I would rather be a consistent
Baptist preacher than the Czar of Russia; I would rather a faithful
Presbyterian minister than to occupy the highest position on earth; I would
rather be myself than Benjamin Harrison, because mine is the biggest job and
will last the longest, and I don’t have to stoop to the damnable tricks of the
politician.” The Jackson revival lasted until the following Tuesday, June 11,
at which time he bid adieu to Jackson. In departing, he said he “never labored
in a place where I had more co-operation and so little opposition. God bless
the good people of Jackson.”</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">After
leaving Jackson, Jones traveled to the mill town of Wesson, where he held forth
for another four days and again attracted enormous crowds. The meetings in Wesson were
held in a part of the Wesson Mill facility, which was, unfortunately,
exceedingly hot. As a result, several persons fainted during the revival. Still,
a crowd 8,000 was on hand for the Sunday morning service, where he was joined
by the pastors of the local Baptist, Methodist and Presbyterian churches.
Jones’ theme during the Wesson revival focused on “profanity, Sabbath-breaking,
licentiousness [and] intemperance.” After the final service on Monday morning,
he was presented a collection of $1,023.75 for the work of the North Georgia
Orphans Home. All other expenses were paid by the Wesson Mills, who also
gave time off to their workers so they could attend some of the services. </span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK3s70K8QZTB9zxgwSE4tNhapXzbXr5cXfegh8QJi92kZEypnRot5AHZZtm5xZ4SF1OEjYDPHZ7X6z7-r3pYlXZXtsiNtHwj0PH3sqX-sJbfb8UK0dW_EBl9L6l28TNFgu5X8mtucK-Kug/s1600/Jones+9.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK3s70K8QZTB9zxgwSE4tNhapXzbXr5cXfegh8QJi92kZEypnRot5AHZZtm5xZ4SF1OEjYDPHZ7X6z7-r3pYlXZXtsiNtHwj0PH3sqX-sJbfb8UK0dW_EBl9L6l28TNFgu5X8mtucK-Kug/s1600/Jones+9.PNG" height="146" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDAahPRYJaTu7xCW5DpD8n5FMHjTmNrJlsU0JwHO4svkQl0TLaJX-ADYzT8uyv1rCFEjygOqqG39m0UkLc6ednwQPjeNv8Emfmtaaq_FqEAjKL8Q5Ea6KDlBdN8j310FIyEdz76nswWfvU/s1600/Jones+8.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDAahPRYJaTu7xCW5DpD8n5FMHjTmNrJlsU0JwHO4svkQl0TLaJX-ADYzT8uyv1rCFEjygOqqG39m0UkLc6ednwQPjeNv8Emfmtaaq_FqEAjKL8Q5Ea6KDlBdN8j310FIyEdz76nswWfvU/s1600/Jones+8.PNG" height="200" width="145" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">With his
sojourn into Mississippi complete, Sam Jones moved on to other fields of
endeavor. Continuing to preach against entertainments such theaters, dime
novels, playing cards, baseball and dances, Jones' basic message to his
hearers was to "Quit Your Meanness” and to turn instead to a life that was
as sin-free as possible. Throughout, his main target was alcohol. "I will
fight the liquor traffic as long as I have fists, kick it as long as I have a
foot, bite it as long as I have a tooth, and then gum'em till I die," he
said. In time, Jones broke away from the Methodist Episcopal Church, South,
because some Methodist leaders did not approve of his coarse and unorthodox
style. From then until his death in 1906, he continued to preach as an independent
evangelist. Jones died on a train near Little Rock, Arkansas, on October 15,
1906, just one day before his fifty-ninth birthday. He was on his way home to Georgia
from preaching a revival in Oklahoma City. His body was taken to Atlanta, where
he lay in state in the capitol rotunda and was buried in the Oak Hill Cemetery
in Cartersville, Georgia. His home in Cartersville </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(<i>above right</i>)</span></span>, known as “Rose Lawn,” is
now a museum. Had he lived longer, Sam Jones might have achieved even more
renown as a preacher. As it was, he captivated audiences far and wide,
including thousands of Mississippians in the summer of 1889. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Jones: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">North Georgia Orphans Home: http://www.umchildrenshome.org</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ryman Auditorium: http://www.nashvillesightseeing.com</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">http://www.louisarnoldministries.org</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Millsaps-Buie House: https://www.flickr.com/photos/walkthetown/</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Jones: From the May 30, 1889 Clarion-Ledger</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Wesson Mills:
http://www.msgw.org</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Grave: http://image2.findagrave.com</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Rose Lawn: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org</span></span></div>
Jim Woodrickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15917299007746671963noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3408099437107639570.post-26480844275187781602014-11-29T11:09:00.000-06:002014-11-29T11:09:11.585-06:00The Battle for the Golden Egg<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihfLeuqhjgGU3vOLitPDnESpjeVJXwWucrP8_MaxUBZ3iSP2OFHX16IbIPvWVyP5zrOa01mjAaoFIO-BVrePygH8EoDE9mLMeeTG32-mH7vLkUH2GBqb4MbunG8peqC2AMgYyvp0SMLDtz/s1600/Egg+Bowl+6+(2).PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihfLeuqhjgGU3vOLitPDnESpjeVJXwWucrP8_MaxUBZ3iSP2OFHX16IbIPvWVyP5zrOa01mjAaoFIO-BVrePygH8EoDE9mLMeeTG32-mH7vLkUH2GBqb4MbunG8peqC2AMgYyvp0SMLDtz/s1600/Egg+Bowl+6+(2).PNG" height="200" width="200" /></a></div>
The Old Oaken Bucket, the Jeweled Shillelagh, the Keg of Nails and the Little Brown Jug. If this sounds like the inventory for a very strange estate sale or perhaps a quirky museum exhibit (and it could be either), these are actually all trophies awarded to the winners of some of college football’s greatest rivalries. Here in Mississippi, of course, the greatest treasure is the Golden Egg, and the annual contest for that most sought-after trophy – the “Egg Bowl” – is renewed each November. While nearly all Mississippians know about the “Battle for the Golden Egg,” how the game became known as the “Egg Bowl” may not be as well known.<br />
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The “Golden Egg,” which is in reality a football, came about as a means to lessen the tension between supporters of the University of Mississippi and Mississippi State University. While the trophy is actually a football, it is shaped like an egg, as footballs in the 1920s were more oblong than today. The “Golden Egg” trophy came along in 1927, one year after a dramatic (and violent) game between Ole Miss and Mississippi A&M College. The Mississippi boys from Oxford won the game, but it was what happened after the game that caused cooler heads to come up with the idea for a trophy.<br />
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In 1926, the two rivals met in Starkville after posting identical 5-4 records. Ole Miss had dropped three of their last four games (including a 33-15 loss to Drake in October), while Mississippi A&M (as they were then known) had dropped two of their last three, but posted a dramatic 7-6 win over LSU on October 23. More important for Ole Miss, though, was the fact that the Red and Blue had not defeated their arch rivals in thirteen years. In fact, from 1911-1925, Mississippi A&M had outscored their in-state rivals by a combined score of 327-33! So determined were Coach Homer Hazel's University boys that each had vowed not to shaved until they had beaten the Aggies. As a result, the Ole Miss team sported heavy beards for the contest. Played on Thanksgiving Day, it was the first time in nine years the game would be played in Starkville. Tickets for the game were $2.50, although students could get in for $1.00. Special trains brought spectators from Jackson, Greenville and Oxford, and another brought students from the Mississippi State College for Women in Columbus. Coach Hazel’s (<i>above</i>) team departed Oxford on Tuesday and spent the next two nights in Aberdeen. When they arrived in Starkville on Thursday for the game, the field was a “sea of mud” after a day of rain on Wednesday. The conditions didn't dampen any spirits, though; by game time, more than 11,000 fans crowded the stands and end zones. The standing-room-only crowd was the largest thus far to witness the annual grudge match.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCe_zeZVyUXjaFSxfcnUQqqh73jqA87Xc15S6d89UnNRNLrUDWVO0AUkBC5CXwOL2wbqb69yyvXLfsLF77CdSYzl9SmYGAbpTl17_oI-vUAIc6zUAdjYkgJhSkvTH4AKbe72mOkImf4t71/s1600/Bernie+Bierman.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCe_zeZVyUXjaFSxfcnUQqqh73jqA87Xc15S6d89UnNRNLrUDWVO0AUkBC5CXwOL2wbqb69yyvXLfsLF77CdSYzl9SmYGAbpTl17_oI-vUAIc6zUAdjYkgJhSkvTH4AKbe72mOkImf4t71/s1600/Bernie+Bierman.JPG" /></a>The Mississippi A&M coach in 1926 was Bernie Bierman. The ’26 campaign was one of only two for him in Starkville. In 1927, he would return to Tulane and then move on to his alma mater, Minnesota, where he compiled a record of 153-65-12. Before the game, Bierman (<i>lower left</i>) noted the condition of the field and admitted that the mud would “cramp their style” of play. Indeed, the Aggies completed only four passes and threw three interceptions. In reality, neither team did much in the way of scoring that day. In the first quarter, the Aggies and Red and Blue managed just one first down each. In the second period, though, Ole Miss got on the board when fullback Lacey Biles, a senior from Sumner who was called a “prince among men and a jolly good fellow,” smashed into the end zone from the three yard line. Kicking the extra point was Webb Burke, a 6’1” center with a jammed toe who had never attempted an extra point in his career. To his amazement (and Coach Hazel’s relief), the kick was good and Ole Miss led 7-0. Responding, Coach Bierman threw in five substitutes and after a 69-yard drive managed to score on a halfback run by R.R. Biggers. During the point after attempt, however, the Ole Miss line rushed hard and the kick by W.B. Ricks was no good. Mississippi A&M trailed 7-6. And that was it, as neither team could score another point. As a result, Ole Miss came away with the victory they had so long hoped for. Now, at last, the players could shave again (which they did later that same day).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdELvZH__A_-UbuiobZt7OkIkoBD_q1GGA329Qp2FhkdsWOgWtDMzpf3tILRaCK4d33DxgdpqEH5WXVUoGe4IaBiQERFfGbviPczubSsFmfhonz5Vc0aa3xwD6Ed4sO8LeaLkU2s9V-XHF/s1600/EggBowl14.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdELvZH__A_-UbuiobZt7OkIkoBD_q1GGA329Qp2FhkdsWOgWtDMzpf3tILRaCK4d33DxgdpqEH5WXVUoGe4IaBiQERFfGbviPczubSsFmfhonz5Vc0aa3xwD6Ed4sO8LeaLkU2s9V-XHF/s1600/EggBowl14.PNG" height="200" width="164" /></a>Excited after finally beating their arch rivals, the Ole Miss fans spilled onto the field and a number of </div>
them rushed for the goal posts. In response, several of the A&M supporters grabbed some wooden chairs and began attacking the “bearded Bersekers” from Oxford. "Irate Aggie supporters,” according to one account, “took after the ambitious Ole Miss group with cane bottom chairs, and fights broke out.” After the fight, which caused several injuries, The Reflector called the Ole Miss fans who had attempted to take down the goal posts "a band of hoodlums.” Both sides were guilty, though, and “The Battle of Starkville” was an embarrassment to both schools, which was witnessed by Mississippi Lieutenant Governor Dennis Murphree. The consensus was that something had to be done to calm down the rivalry. Thus, the “Golden Egg” was born.<br />
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Before the next game between the Red and Blue and the Aggies, both student bodies looked for a way to award the victors in a decidedly less hostile way. The first proposal, which was rejected by both school administrations as too costly and too cumbersome, was that the losing team would ship their goalposts to the victors. As an alternative, an Ole Miss honorary society, Sigma Iota, proposed a trophy and within a week both schools had agreed on what we now know as the “Golden Egg.” The cost of the trophy ($250) was to be split between the two schools and both student bodies agreed that the trophy, consisting of a “gold football of regulation size and mounted on a metal base,” would be presented to the winner after the annual game. In the event of a tie, each team would host the trophy for half of the year. Even at the time, the trophy was called “The Golden Egg.” In addition, both student bodies agreed (in writing) that immediately following the game, the “student bodies will rise and sing their alma mater songs, the student body winning team singing first, the second following after the first has finished.” Curiously, that tradition seems to have been forgotten.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig68mZgji9DcV4RjLMYn3eJuR96MkU8gCaHFZG1TRea4B8hBV87UjMSVotKx02cy-Bys4iWw3_G7Khec95vgppOmH6UI_r1QuB9eRZHDFXXMpSlXQMubYYSiGykN8eM4suxuF_KSGXbz25/s1600/Egg.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig68mZgji9DcV4RjLMYn3eJuR96MkU8gCaHFZG1TRea4B8hBV87UjMSVotKx02cy-Bys4iWw3_G7Khec95vgppOmH6UI_r1QuB9eRZHDFXXMpSlXQMubYYSiGykN8eM4suxuF_KSGXbz25/s1600/Egg.JPG" height="200" width="161" /></a>The first awarding of the “Golden Egg” trophy was on Thanksgiving Day in 1927 and was presented to the host team, Ole Miss, who won the game 20-12. Again, the 14,000 spectators represented the largest crowd to date to attend the game. The trophy was presented in a ceremony following the game and (presumably) both sides sang their respective Alma Mater songs. Taken with the new spirit of cooperation between the two schools, the editor of The Mississippian proposed consolidating Ole Miss and Mississippi A&M. With enhanced facilities, the editor opined that the football team the combined schools would produce would create a “combination unbeatable by any aggregation in the country.” Apparently, Gov. Theodore G. Bilbo (<i>right</i>) agreed, and proposed just such a consolidation in his inaugural speech in January. Faced with intense opposition and protests from both sides, however, the idea was quietly dropped from Bilbo’s agenda. Today, of course, the “Battle for the Golden Egg” has nationwide interest and has created perhaps more passion among the Bulldog and Rebel faithful than ever before. Since 1927, though, the “Golden Egg” has peacefully changed hands at the conclusion of the “Egg Bowl,” a name coined in 1979 by a Clarion Ledger sports writer. Hopefully, the award of the $250 golden football will keep the peace for many years to come.<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><u>Photo and Image Sources</u>:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Golden Egg: http://www.clarionledger.com</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Hazel: From the 1927 <i>Ole Miss</i> annual </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Game photo: From the 1927<i> Reveille</i> yearbook </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Bierman: http://en.wikipedia.org</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Article: From the <i>Times-Picayune</i>, November 26, 1926</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Cartoon: From the 1927 <i>Ole Miss</i> annual </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Bilbo: http://en.wikipedia.org</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Egg Bowl trophy: http://www.olemisssports.com</span></div>
Jim Woodrickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15917299007746671963noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3408099437107639570.post-4021652957984527062014-11-25T09:00:00.000-06:002014-11-25T09:00:05.350-06:00Thanksgiving at Beauvoir<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6laxVfZAhj5vnYWxFph_eXRzqi_jbcp-IC9IgHNJck6toKj5VmUtIb_J5uP-idpKkaBNyXOG4bB0ux6h5mJbG_sQxUDzpHlWx2aUQm-4ndoeHgD7r4Zcou3ps1p7S4siHx70S_k0GShJB/s1600/Beauvoir+8.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6laxVfZAhj5vnYWxFph_eXRzqi_jbcp-IC9IgHNJck6toKj5VmUtIb_J5uP-idpKkaBNyXOG4bB0ux6h5mJbG_sQxUDzpHlWx2aUQm-4ndoeHgD7r4Zcou3ps1p7S4siHx70S_k0GShJB/s1600/Beauvoir+8.JPG" height="111" width="200" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizAPxy-76Scnz4OpwOZJiHGqJInOmmwwyaZuNerwptOuQHP967MIb5GlGhTn78V8_oL7ysWYapcbR5WpGbYadrBHT02YHPDRQupKk1syyswExigIE782Z7o0_QxmaPGoX-xR1ySq1INHG8/s1600/Beauvoir+7.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizAPxy-76Scnz4OpwOZJiHGqJInOmmwwyaZuNerwptOuQHP967MIb5GlGhTn78V8_oL7ysWYapcbR5WpGbYadrBHT02YHPDRQupKk1syyswExigIE782Z7o0_QxmaPGoX-xR1ySq1INHG8/s1600/Beauvoir+7.PNG" /></a>In 1921, Elnathan Tartt, the superintendent of the Beauvoir Old Soldier’s Home in Biloxi, wanted to make Thanksgiving Day a very special occasion for the Confederate veterans and their wives under his care at Beauvoir. In keeping with his generous nature, Tartt invited the entire population of the Gulf Coast to join the old veterans in celebrating the season. Admission was free, but Tartt asked that everyone bring with them “a pleasant smile and handshake for the veterans.” In response, several thousand showed up and, by all accounts, it was a grand and festive affair. The Thanksgiving feast was but one of the events Tartt (<i>right</i>) provided for the “inmates” at Beauvoir. During most holidays, the superintendent arranged for sumptuous meals for the veterans and spared no expense to ensure that the old Confederates had the opportunity to attend veterans’ reunions. He also tried to provide the best medical care available. To do so, Tartt frequently petitioned the Mississippi Legislature for funds to build additional hospital facilities and solicited donations from citizens to provide for the veterans’ needs, including a copious supply of chewing tobacco. James Elnathan Tartt’s devotion to the veterans of the “late unpleasantness” was obvious to everyone and when Mississippi Governor Mike Conner considered replacing him in 1931, the veterans rallied to his cause and Tartt was able to retain his post. Born in 1867, Elnathan Tartt was himself the son of a Confederate soldier who served in the 36th Alabama Infantry.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7JaEqmOIdTJSYyTdXzPtCN4QzV0pgVgagE88EE7cOVS9D5Ndc0UWDqFIm1HCGRbrmihN37cVxqKQJfk_Wdvt2jlxlw_3veeg-R4ElSoq_ua7FHzQaZD8vkIod0Iw3EciRaKFYuXD60B2y/s1600/Beauvoir+4.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7JaEqmOIdTJSYyTdXzPtCN4QzV0pgVgagE88EE7cOVS9D5Ndc0UWDqFIm1HCGRbrmihN37cVxqKQJfk_Wdvt2jlxlw_3veeg-R4ElSoq_ua7FHzQaZD8vkIod0Iw3EciRaKFYuXD60B2y/s1600/Beauvoir+4.PNG" height="176" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMT8WKby9OEjoSUiuI5H5_3RxYQL16h0SMCFhE_vbgs2om2zH9pv10Z4FodOMA7f4XXfUhLCuP58Kh_p8d8wOOxYDZbXePHpCicLdR1k961Tl4l3EG1UOIWcHH-CRKkHXUCs_J1njimse-/s1600/Beauvoir+3.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMT8WKby9OEjoSUiuI5H5_3RxYQL16h0SMCFhE_vbgs2om2zH9pv10Z4FodOMA7f4XXfUhLCuP58Kh_p8d8wOOxYDZbXePHpCicLdR1k961Tl4l3EG1UOIWcHH-CRKkHXUCs_J1njimse-/s1600/Beauvoir+3.PNG" height="200" width="128" /></a>Several days before Thanksgiving, the Gulfport <i>Daily Herald</i> published a story about the plans for the Thanksgiving feast. The article included a menu, which listed two hundred pounds of baked turkey, one hundred pounds of chicken and dumplings, four thousand raw oysters, five gallons of cranberry sauce, two thousand pounds of candy, four boxes of oranges, five boxes of apples, six hundred bananas, a 105-ft. jelly roll cake, twenty five gallons of sweet milk, an equal amount of coffee and “an assortment of fresh vegetables.” The program for the day featured a brass band from the Gulf Coast Military Academy, and rousing speeches by the presidents of both the military academy and Gulf Park College. Also on the program was a wedding for two of the patients at the Old Soldiers’ Home. The groom was a Confederate veteran named Frank Gardner, who served in Co. E, 7th Mississippi Cavalry during the Civil War. Gardner, who was 76 years old at the time, was slated to marry a widow, Mrs. Elizabeth Cooper, who was a 71 year old bride. Most interesting of all, perhaps, was a footrace between Patrick McLaughlin, a 100-year old veteran of the 10th Louisiana Infantry, and a widow named “Mrs. Nunnery.” McLaughlin, an Irish immigrant (<i>lower</i> <i>left</i>), enlisted in the Confederate Army at age 30 and served in the Army of Northern Virginia. According to his service record, he was captured at Woodstock, Virginia, in 1864 and sent to the Point Lookout prison. When Lee surrendered, only 17 men and officers remained in his company. McLaughlin’s racing opponent at the Thanksgiving feast was a "Mrs. Nunnery." A widow, Mrs. Nunnery was sixteen years younger than McLaughlin. A veritable spring chicken, she was no doubt heavily favored to win the race over “Uncle” Pat McLaughlin.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMmkhX5kGzSnZmbZw678uVtV3Gjt5ppa_dG1MrTct6eeqFbr9F7vCjQPXl6NdBOA3HAnhglt-UWg3anvQ1yMSGsRVN1nqeDJ5wYnUPf1_x5sk6oKZnGwKMbnoVeQX1sZY8dBV5cO46HjaN/s1600/Beauvoir+9.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMmkhX5kGzSnZmbZw678uVtV3Gjt5ppa_dG1MrTct6eeqFbr9F7vCjQPXl6NdBOA3HAnhglt-UWg3anvQ1yMSGsRVN1nqeDJ5wYnUPf1_x5sk6oKZnGwKMbnoVeQX1sZY8dBV5cO46HjaN/s1600/Beauvoir+9.JPG" height="248" width="320" /></a>On Thursday, November 24, approximately 2,500 guests arrived at Beauvoir from across the Gulf Coast by automobile and street car. The Thanksgiving dinner, which was provided to the 250 residents of Beauvoir, plus their attendants, began at noon. As promised, the food was bounteous, and included a large supply of turnip greens picked from Beauvoir’s gardens (Superintendent Tartt regularly promoted the health benefits of turnip greens and frequently shared the garden’s produce with the Coast’s residents, “rich or poor, black or white”). The newspaper reported that the 105-foot jelly roll cake “made the feed a complete one.” The public guests arrived at 1:30 p.m. and the festivities began promptly at 2:00 with musical selections by the brass band and several speeches, led by the Hon. Charles Latham Rushing, a local judge and a member of the Biloxi Kiwanis Club, Knights of Columbus, Lodge of Elks and Woodmen of the World. He was also the attorney for the Mississippi Oyster Commission, which might explain the 4,000 oysters. During his address, Rushing expounded on the merits of President Jefferson Davis. Just two years later, at the age of 42, Judge Rushing died after two weeks of illness following “an attack of acute digestion,” leaving behind a wife and several children.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHA_L8inculNDCM67F1paZPCNnZcxs46AQhS9rCyV5zkk8SxnN4F1pMZLD94l1vZoZkIV-fOqHlo_-5SoefkaJ5OwyaT_bUqbrISrCm7OvVzb4UgeMvxZZEl35w7ZQFoqF5O-GeWrXx5Wj/s1600/Beauvoir+2.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHA_L8inculNDCM67F1paZPCNnZcxs46AQhS9rCyV5zkk8SxnN4F1pMZLD94l1vZoZkIV-fOqHlo_-5SoefkaJ5OwyaT_bUqbrISrCm7OvVzb4UgeMvxZZEl35w7ZQFoqF5O-GeWrXx5Wj/s1600/Beauvoir+2.PNG" height="200" width="160" /></a>The next speaker on the program was Dr. Richard Garfield Cox. Cox was the founder and first president of Gulf Park College, a female college which was the predecessor of the USM Gulf Park Campus. Interestingly, Cox, even in 1921, was an accomplished pilot. He continued to fly and teach other pilots until his death in 1967. On this day, Dr. Cox (<i>left</i>), who was described as “a fluent speaker,” focused on educational and spiritual matters. Joining him from the Gulf Park College were approximately one hundred young ladies, who gathered on the front porch of the Beauvoir mansion to “sing songs, play musical instruments, and give recitations.” The president of the Gulf Coast Military Academy also spoke to the assembled crowd, but the biggest event of the day was scheduled for 3:00, when the wedding was to take place at the main house. After the nuptials, approximately 1,000 people lined up to shake hands with the groom. The long-awaited footrace, meanwhile, took place along a 400-foot path between the steps of the mansion and the front gate. Throughout the festivities, the old soldiers, their wives and the Confederate widows seemed to enjoy themselves thoroughly.<br />
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As promised, Elnathan Tartt had indeed provided a memorable day for not only the residents of Beauvoir but for many of the Gulf Coast’s citizens. Tartt continued to serve as the superintendent and caretaker at Beauvoir for a number of years, but died before the final veterans left the Old Soldier’s Home. He is buried in Lauderdale, Mississippi. The last Confederate veterans left the home in 1951. Six years later, the last two widows were moved to a nursing home. “Uncle” Pat McLaughlin, who competed in the footrace, died in 1925 at the age of 104. The newlyweds died soon thereafter. The groom, Frank Gardner of Lafayette County, died in 1926, while his bride (and his fifth wife) passed away in 1928. All three are buried in the Beauvoir Confederate Cemetery in Biloxi, along with more than 800 other Confederate veterans and Confederate widows.<br />
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And the winner of the race? As expected, the spry Mrs. Nunnery, just 84 years old, claimed the crown...<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><u>Photo and Image Sources</u>:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(1) Beauvoir: http://home.earthlink.net/~reetjournal</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(2) Tartt: http://trees.ancestry.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(3) Beauvoir veterans: http://civilwartalk.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(4) Veterans: http://patandmeloakes.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(5) Cox: https://archive.org/details/seagull41925gulf</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(6) McLaughlin: From Remembering Mississippi's Confederates by Jeff Giambrone (original at MDAH)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(7) Grave: http://www.findagrave.com</span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQZtRBLCI_YNvhw8hakTHQJjyaut0Jt5nOf78_f_jQWV-satBqYzDh5siczbNVPKRBjEUKOIPlUrVJNODxXk23gXByWEWr5pHQ6tnZVcsRfUzV_ap2nJ-kprfcN7CjHqAeXTCRwhoB-nxw/s1600/Tait+5.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQZtRBLCI_YNvhw8hakTHQJjyaut0Jt5nOf78_f_jQWV-satBqYzDh5siczbNVPKRBjEUKOIPlUrVJNODxXk23gXByWEWr5pHQ6tnZVcsRfUzV_ap2nJ-kprfcN7CjHqAeXTCRwhoB-nxw/s1600/Tait+5.PNG" height="198" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Born in 1864, John Leisk Tait, Jr. was the son of a Scottish
emigrant from the Shetland Islands. When his father first came to the United
States (at a very young age), his family settled in Joliet, Illinois, where
they were farmers. At age 19, John L., Sr. went to California, as many young
men did at the time, to find his fortune in the gold fields and was a miner for
six years. After returning to Illinois for several years, he relocated to
Oregon and established a prosperous, 400-acre farm near Creswell (<i>right</i>). It was here
that the “hardy Scotch-Norseman” raised his four children, including his oldest
son, John L., Jr. Unlike his father, however, John apparently did want to become
a farmer. Instead, he pursued a career as a writer, where he achieved some
success. By his early thirties, John Leisk Tait had been published in a number
of magazines and periodicals, including the Pacific Monthly, the New Age
Magazine, the American Freemason, Bob Taylor’s Magazine and the World To-Day.
His contributions included poetry, works of fiction, treatises on Freemasonry
and the Great War (he was apparently an active Mason), and a historical piece on
the burning of the steamboat Sultana. He was also a newspaperman. His longest
stint in the newspaper business was in Memphis, where for fourteen years he was
a reporter, assistant editor and Sunday feature editor for the Commercial
Appeal, after which he became a copy and service manager for the Ruebel-Brown
advertising agency in St. Louis. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiog8JeUF3pn5WYv6f5mzoAWRYq3vtYhoIhvXVrP3i_OlbHT7KpoG8Gu6YsfjgV3Pniy-yDNiWSG9NHM4IDZcAVZwXNaHa85Gq7Z2M1rbfuyH4WFh8hRf58FaKLnSRynQCyKBAr3vo2_RRX/s1600/Tait+10.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiog8JeUF3pn5WYv6f5mzoAWRYq3vtYhoIhvXVrP3i_OlbHT7KpoG8Gu6YsfjgV3Pniy-yDNiWSG9NHM4IDZcAVZwXNaHa85Gq7Z2M1rbfuyH4WFh8hRf58FaKLnSRynQCyKBAr3vo2_RRX/s1600/Tait+10.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiog8JeUF3pn5WYv6f5mzoAWRYq3vtYhoIhvXVrP3i_OlbHT7KpoG8Gu6YsfjgV3Pniy-yDNiWSG9NHM4IDZcAVZwXNaHa85Gq7Z2M1rbfuyH4WFh8hRf58FaKLnSRynQCyKBAr3vo2_RRX/s1600/Tait+10.PNG" height="200" width="128" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8YQVug27lbAJRORSXQZfEWQOzGbPcso0vosSIhE-F2cgUDn4XCET9eYBmpZBcd_PBiUZGUlMV1OxYtMv5I08IGJM3JLEJCT4jLdC1KzgxiXihQ_jam8L6CMwohU-vLKng68pUTPYfyPsW/s1600/Tait+11.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8YQVug27lbAJRORSXQZfEWQOzGbPcso0vosSIhE-F2cgUDn4XCET9eYBmpZBcd_PBiUZGUlMV1OxYtMv5I08IGJM3JLEJCT4jLdC1KzgxiXihQ_jam8L6CMwohU-vLKng68pUTPYfyPsW/s1600/Tait+11.PNG" height="200" width="168" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In 1907, Tait (<i>left</i>) published a ghost story set in Biloxi in the
San Francisco Chronicle. Five years later, on April 6, 1912, the story was
reprinted in the Gulfport Daily Herald. The newspaper, as a lead to the story,
reported that "the story of the haunted villa of Biloxi is one that holds the interest of the most casual reader, whether he believes in haunted houses or not. The villa is situated a few miles west of Biloxi and has in recent years been purchased and remodeled and extensively repaired and is today one of the handsomest residences on the Coast. It is occupied and needless to say, no one loses much sleep these days about the haunts. However, in the old days the story was quite generally credited and there was a genuine fear among the less educated contingent of the occupants of the house." In closing, the Herald praised the author, saying that Tait related the story of the haunted villa with "picturesque language, which reminds one somewhat of the style of Poe's Fall of the House of Usher." Although the paper seemed familiar with the house, there are no other clues in the story about its location<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span>other than being known as the
“Brownwell” house. A cursory look at genealogical information from the period
doesn’t reveal any “Brownwell” families in the Biloxi area and there’s no
record (as yet at least) for a “Col. Bienville Brownwell.” However, there was a
prominent lumberman by the name of Horace Brownell who apparently owned a
summer home on the Coast at the time (he was the manager of the Berwick Lumber
Company in New Orleans). Whether Tait simply borrowed and then altered the
Brownell name for his story or if there is any factual basis for the house is
unknown. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the San Francisco Chronicle
story, there is a photo of a house as an inset of a larger illustration.
Whether this is a photo of an actual house on the Coast or is a generic “old
house” image is also unknown. Regardless, I hope you’ll find the story
entertaining…</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">THE HAUNTED VILLA OF BILOXI</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Weird in its Southern beauty, the little town of Biloxi lies
sleeping upon the edge of the great gulf at the southmost reach of the State of
Mississippi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Biloxi is an aristocratic old place, whose ancestral
mansions, placed in wide gardens along narrow, shadelined trees, have each a
history in itself. It was settled first of all the Gulf towns, so long ago that
the date has blended into the personality of the old, cuirassed and helmeted
cavalier of Spain and France who were led thither under Sauville, a kinsman of
Bienville and Iberville, and who were impelled by the quaint and quiet beauty
of the spot to found there a settlement. And it has ever since been a favored
abiding place, for its waters teem with wild fowl and fish, and its shores
luxuriate in subtropic fruits and vegetables. Moreover, it has always been the
delight of mankind to dwell beside the sea, and in all lands, soon or late, the
wealthier classes have utilized the power which their wealth conferred upon
them to appropriate the more comely sea views for residence sites and this was
true of the wealthier families of South Mississippi. They flocked to Biloxi
first as a winter resort and then as a place of perpetual residence and the streets
of the quaint old town are lined with substantial mansions the architecture of
a century ago. It was here at Beauvoir, that Jefferson Davis retired after the
close of the Civil War.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Less than three miles distant from Beauvoir, about seven
miles from Biloxi, lies the haunted villa known in olden days as the Brownwell
place. It must have been a stately building. Ruined and desolated as it stands
today, its long, low galleries and extensive wings bear mute witness to its
first estate. It lies deep within a thick wood well back from the road and not
visible until one has penetrated a hundred yards within the encircling forest
of gloomy live oaks which shroud it day and night. No bird sings within those
trees; no rabbit darts from the hedge and frisks across your pathway as you
approach; and however noisy the sea birds' clamor, not even the untamed courier
of the deep dare hover over its gloomy recesses. Noises are there indeed, but
they are noises from which the living shrink and in which no living creature
has a lot or part.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Brownwell place was built before the revolution by a
family of that name. It was in its day the handsomest villa for miles along the
Coast. It was the home of hospitality and the scene of unbounded gayety. The
Brownwells were a cultured people, with a fortune adequate to the gratification
of their tastes and their friendship was irrefutable evidence of social worth.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">So they lived for years and then, as so often happens this
proud house found its numbers reduced almost to the point of extinction. There
remained only two, father and daughter. The last of the Brownwells in the male
line was Bienville Brownwell. He had married when quite young, and his wife
died almost immediately after the birth of their only child, whom the sorrowing
father christened Dolores. With this child he took up his permanent abode at
the Brownwell place and there devoted himself to her with an utter abandonment
of all other interests in life.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Dolores, as she grew up, developed wonderful musical talent.
Her skill as a pianist became the marvel and delight of all who knew her, but
it was for her father that she played her best--on the moonlight evenings when
the two sat alone in their beautiful home the motherless girl poured out in
music the fullness of her heart to the saddened man who had been both father
and mother to her and passers-by paused to listen and to wonder at the
sweetness of the music and the indefinable thing of the eerie that pervaded it.
Bienville Brownville raised a regiment and let it to the field, its first
colonel. One of his captains was a young fellow who the night before they
marched, stood with the tremulous Dolores within the piano room and told her
father of their plighted love; and he fell, pierced through the heart, with a
bullet in their first engagement. Less than a month later a fragment of a shell
carried away Colonel Brownwell's right arm, and he returned wan and maimed to
spend the remainder of his days comforting his stricken child.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The two were inseparable. If they had been devoted to each
other before, they were doubly so now. The girl devoted herself to her father
with an attachment which was redoubled because of her grief for the gallant
lover who had fallen at his side; and the father, grieving for her grief, lost
all interest in life, saving that which clung about his motherless daughter. I
said they were inseparable. But there was one thing which sometimes drove the
father fairly panting with pain out of her sight to wrestle alone with his God
for hours. There were spells, nights when the moon was fitfully veiled and
revealed though flying clouds and when the wind made mournful music in the
pines, when she flew to her piano and poured out the anguish of her heart in
such strains as mortal scarcely ever hears in this world. All her heartbreak,
all her loneliness, all her grief and bitter anguish wailed through its
measures and sobbed out upon the night and he who loved her would arise and
flee to the beach, where the beauty, and not the pain, came to him; and there
he would wander for hours, until the music ceased and he returned to the house
to find her weeping in wild abandonment of sometimes lying in a dead faint
beside her silent instrument. All the next day she would go about silently,
with great dark eyes staring straight ahead of her and her face white and
deathlike. Gradually she would yield to her father's tenderness, and once more
take up, with a wan smile, the burden of her duties toward him.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">One night there came an electrical storm of unusual
violence, lashing trees and whipping the surf until the coast was strewn with
destruction. In the midst of it there came upon the girl the spirit of longing
for the dead lover, and she flew to her piano for consolation.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Never before had she played as she played that night.
Forgotten was the war of the elements in the mad frenzy of the music as the
woman's soul poured its anguish out on the wings of the wind, over the raging
sea and up into the face of the black sky. Her father stood transfixed at her
matchless, pallid beauty and the unspeakable pathos of her playing. Then,
wrapping his coat about him, he left the house and sought the beach, unable to
endure the sight of her suffering.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">For an hour she played. Then the spell passed and she arose
and went out upon the verandah, looking with unseeing eyes to seaward, her
white robe fluttering in the storm, waiting longing for her father's return.
There was a crash, the heavens were blinded with an intense flash of living
fire and blackness and rolling thunders filled the earth and the heavens. But
above it all she had seen her father’s form and for one instant had heard his
voice. She saw his one arm flung wildly aloft and heard him calling her name.
She plunged out into the night, calling him as she ran. She made her way through
the storm to the beach calling incessantly. He was not to be found. She
returned to the house and ran wildly from room to room calling his name and
imploring him to return to her. The crash of the thunder was her only answer.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Next morning they found him. The sea had washed him ashore
at the foot of the little pier which they used as a boat landing. There was no
mark of violence upon him. The manner of his death remained a mystery. Probably
he stepped too near the beach in the darkness and slipped into the angry waters
and was unable, because of the loss of his arm, to regain the shore, and so
perished.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The daughter's grief was indescribable. They buried him
under the big magnolia in the family cemetery, and her waking hours were spent
beside his grave. She continued to dwell alone in the desolated villa, the old
Negro servants her only guardians.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Five days after the funeral her old nurse ran wildly down
the shell road one night to the nearest neighbor, imploring him to come at
once. He found her mistress dead upon the floor beside her piano, lying in a
pool of blood. She had been stabbed in the back as she sat playing. Death had
been instantaneous. Her murderer escaped, leaving no clue to his identity.
After her burial the property passed to a distant branchy of the family, to
people who had other interests binding them to a distant section. The villa was
at once advertised for rent.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It was eagerly taken by one of the leading merchants of
Jacksonville, Florida, who was spending a season with his family in the
neighborhood of Biloxi. They remained three days and nights before moving out
and offering the place for rent once more. Another tenant jumped at the
bargain, and relinquished it as quickly. Repeated efforts were made to find a
permanent tenant, but without success. Some left without explanation or excuse.
Others assigned various and elaborate reasons for their sudden departure. A few
boldly declared that the house was haunted and that they could not live there
on that account.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Gradually these stories assumed definite form. A sound of
piano playing, infinitely sad and infinitely sweet was heard during the nights
emanating from the piano room. The voice of a woman weeping rang through the
house and occasionally the words, "Father Oh, Father!" were heard by
the horror stricken tenants. On stormy nights even when there was no electrical
disturbances outside, the house would be filled with the glare of lightning and
the crashing of thunder, and through the unlighted rooms the form of a frantic
woman, clad in white, rushed with wild calls. Anon came the sound of a blow as
if against a human form, the crash of a player's hands upon the keys of the
piano, a heavy fall and silence.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Meanwhile the beautiful villa and its grounds were suffering
decay. The fences were out of repair; the shrubbery was no longer trimmed; the
marks of age and weathering upon the house were no longer removed, and the
place passed rapidly into a stage of dilapidation, which made it shunner on
that account, no less than because of its gruesome reputation. About this time
there came a tenant who, to the surprise of everybody about the place, not only
took up residence in the haunted villa, but remained there. This was a widow
with two children, a boy of 12 and a girl of a year or two younger. She was
attended by two Negro servants an old man of all work and his wife. They lived
quite alone, entertained no one and made no calls.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Mrs. Hitchcock, for that was the name of which the widow
gave to the agent from whom she rented the place, devoted herself to her
children. The boy was manifestly an invalid. At first he was seen about the
place by casual passers, his great, dark eyes and wistful bearing seeming to
yearn for the companionship which he fled if it were offered. Later he was
observed in an invalid's chair, wheeled about the walks by the old Negro man.
One day there was a quiet funeral and the boy's emaciated body was borne out
from the desolate villa to its last resting place beneath the magnolias.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Meanwhile there had been rumors, subdued at first but ugly
and increasing in volume, about Mrs. Hitchcock and her household. There are
some words in the English language at which the hearer starts to back against,
and one of these had been mentioned in connection with them. It was the word
"leprosy." The morning following the burial of the boy the mother
received a call from authorities. She met them at the door. She had observed
their approach through the live oak bordered avenue. Had she not watched for
them through weary months with eyes that grew dim with watching?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">"We come to search your place for a case of
leprosy" said the leader of the posse.</span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The woman went white to the lips, but she answered evenly.
"Let me see your warrant."</span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The officers fell back discomfited. "By George! We
never looked after that. We didn't think you'd object," answered the
leader. "Nor will I, if you are properly authorized to make such a search," answered the widow. "We'll have to come again," said
the officer, and led his posse back to town.</span>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Next morning they did come again, but there was no one about
the villa to object to their search. Its late inmates had disappeared
completely. Nothing remained to prove that they have ever been there, except a
smoldering heap of ashes in the yard, where some papers and refuse had been
burned, and a newly made grave under the magnolias. Yes, there was another bit
of evidence--a note was found upon the piano in the front room. It was from the
widow, and contained her pathetic story, and confirmation, if confirmation were
needed, of the tales that clustered about the haunted villa. It was brief, but
it was convincing. It read:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">"You need make no search for me or mine, for before you
see this we will be beyond reach and no effort will enable you to trace us. My
two children contracted the leprosy, presumably from a Chinese servant. It
manifested itself in them two years after their father died. I have fled and
hidden with them from one place to another, fighting to prevent their being taken
from me and sent to the leper colony. We have remained quiet here longer than
elsewhere, owing to the fearful character which has been attributed to this
house; and, believe me, it is all and worse than popular belief has painted it.
I am convinced that the terror they inspired in my son hastened his
death."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It is needless to state that the most determined search was
instituted for the fugitives, but they were never traced. Where they went will
probably never be known. But from that day a new and more terrible fear infused
itself into the popular villa, which remains today, utterly neglected and
shunner of all mankind.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><u>Photo and Image Sources</u>: </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">From The Illustrated History of Lane County, Oregon (1884)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">http://trees.ancestry.com</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">From the Gulfport Herald, April 6, 1912</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">From the San Francisco Chronicle, February 16, 1907</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ghost piano: http://terrorofyouth.blogspot.com</span></span></div>
<!-- Blogger automated replacement: "https://images-blogger-opensocial.googleusercontent.com/gadgets/proxy?url=http%3A%2F%2F1.bp.blogspot.com%2F-3wfIRB5Y-a0%2FVFPMY38zZyI%2FAAAAAAAAFD4%2FiVXgASTIZgc%2Fs1600%2FTait%252B10.PNG&container=blogger&gadget=a&rewriteMime=image%2F*" with "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiog8JeUF3pn5WYv6f5mzoAWRYq3vtYhoIhvXVrP3i_OlbHT7KpoG8Gu6YsfjgV3Pniy-yDNiWSG9NHM4IDZcAVZwXNaHa85Gq7Z2M1rbfuyH4WFh8hRf58FaKLnSRynQCyKBAr3vo2_RRX/s1600/Tait+10.PNG" -->Jim Woodrickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15917299007746671963noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3408099437107639570.post-78656930102708620742014-10-22T20:22:00.002-05:002015-01-12T09:01:08.477-06:00Jackson's Total Electric Home<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHb1rc3cLca6AFojC4x9cPtGw4EdfHPEIXiRevsYd5OdJY2ZxhZ_ad2JHegvVW9T5pdOH_xT4xOeJ0CGwIN89dGUgwj6yl1z2UTPnadiOO8jCqR0fpUnHSoLVnvIOGmajTwD1kRygwppLW/s1600/Westinghouse+6.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHb1rc3cLca6AFojC4x9cPtGw4EdfHPEIXiRevsYd5OdJY2ZxhZ_ad2JHegvVW9T5pdOH_xT4xOeJ0CGwIN89dGUgwj6yl1z2UTPnadiOO8jCqR0fpUnHSoLVnvIOGmajTwD1kRygwppLW/s1600/Westinghouse+6.PNG" height="227" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Most homes today are filled with electric appliances and many are totally electric. Companies providing natural gas, of course, promote the benefits of gas appliances. Whether gas or electric, though, most Americans are dependent on their gadgets and appliances and we expect our homes to include all the conveniences of life. Of course, this was not always the case. In fact, the idea of an all-electric house didn’t come along until the mid-1950s, when utility companies and manufacturers of electrical equipment joined forces to promote the concept of the modern family home. “Total electric living” was trumpeted in the press as a “happier, healthier life” for modern families, where electricity “does everything from heating and air conditioning through family entertainment and the encouragement of hobbies.” To promote the increased use of electricity and electrical products, two of the nation’s leading appliance manufacturers sponsored multi-million dollar campaigns to encourage the construction of all-electric homes. General Electric led the way in 1956 with a nationwide “Live Better Electrically” promotion, followed by the Westinghouse Corporation in 1959, which committed to a $2.5 million campaign to promote the “total-electric house.” * </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As part of both promotional campaigns, the companies joined forces with architects and builders across the nation to design and construct model houses. Those which included electric heat and air conditioning, in addition to other household appliances, were designated as “Gold Medallion” houses.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI6v1yaSGUGCrQzEn45Cx5LpvjqDE_6nWeYLziNNOqtS0bpwsQMZNSgsRsQFCf16Ahg3qUa08qYCjfbSjw9d_BkC456aeIKu1oaxCIHlc21xxVmk4oQ5EKZZCjBrWGrFforTevovie_Wan/s1600/Westinghouse+5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI6v1yaSGUGCrQzEn45Cx5LpvjqDE_6nWeYLziNNOqtS0bpwsQMZNSgsRsQFCf16Ahg3qUa08qYCjfbSjw9d_BkC456aeIKu1oaxCIHlc21xxVmk4oQ5EKZZCjBrWGrFforTevovie_Wan/s1600/Westinghouse+5.jpg" height="200" width="162" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtzOYCsr0oxLrf-lO_5dwsYgpdsNPwPUzpeKY1y24wFCaLc0hfCYU4mxcohPd8JGvTij_T6Q9gpqAMWkXdfID-8j57AFUSv2OZdqjqaVk0u6OvYtiyVV5eOXeijvW5NWEovp5SJzGPqpZL/s1600/House+2.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtzOYCsr0oxLrf-lO_5dwsYgpdsNPwPUzpeKY1y24wFCaLc0hfCYU4mxcohPd8JGvTij_T6Q9gpqAMWkXdfID-8j57AFUSv2OZdqjqaVk0u6OvYtiyVV5eOXeijvW5NWEovp5SJzGPqpZL/s1600/House+2.PNG" height="126" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Westinghouse’s promotional material included sixteen different floor plans for all-electric houses designed by five different architects. The plans sold for $10 each and were used for houses ranging from 900-2000 square feet. In addition to designing standard floor plans, each of the architects were hired to design model houses in different regions of the country. In the southeast region, the Westinghouse homes were designed by architect George Matsumoto. All totaled, Matsumoto (<i>right) </i>was responsible for four “Gold Medallion” houses in the region, with one each in Tampa, Atlanta, Little Rock and in Jackson, Mississippi. A native of San Francisco, Matsumoto studied architecture at the University of California at Berkley. During World War II, he, along with his family, was relocated to an internment camp for Japanese Americans. As a result, he was unable to finish his undergraduate work until 1943, earning a degree at Washington University in St. Louis. He completed graduate studies in 1945 at the Cranbrook Academy of Art in Michigan and then joined a firm in Chicago. After a year of private practice in Kansas City, he became an instructor at the University of Oklahoma and then in 1948 moved to North Carolina State University along with Henry Kamphoefner, the first dean of the School of Design at North Carolina State and a champion of Modernist architecture. During his time at North Carolina State, from 1948-1961, Matsumoto won for than thirty awards for his modern residential architecture, which typically featured flat roofs, unobstructed views for the length of the house, terrazzo floors, natural wood, mahogany cabinets, large windows, and small kitchens. Among his designs during this period was the Dewitt House (<i>above</i>) in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, built in 1960. The next year, he returned to UC Berkley, where he taught for another six years, after which he had a successful private practice. After moving to California, he stopped designing houses because, as he said, he did not want to “deal with the wives.” Now retired, George Matsumoto lives in Oakland. In 1996, he donated all his papers to North Carolina State. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha2W6isdOnLaHPi1Fs2QpYSqICvC_HDC6-PMqo3QOIYGHBCL1Rn8uZIhrOVo_wNh_yTrkbps03d_5MpQo9Za69F3xiyW_BYnlhQaxVuIs12oYe4p9fr3TWvzFyRfVlmIPGNSYIRl_LUt69/s1600/Westinghouse+2.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha2W6isdOnLaHPi1Fs2QpYSqICvC_HDC6-PMqo3QOIYGHBCL1Rn8uZIhrOVo_wNh_yTrkbps03d_5MpQo9Za69F3xiyW_BYnlhQaxVuIs12oYe4p9fr3TWvzFyRfVlmIPGNSYIRl_LUt69/s1600/Westinghouse+2.PNG" height="91" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT4xQhvaQL8_YbdgwzNDXN9Raw6X7Na2g-QI3PMCiIJbaokhb8A0IRd-FC9QhSbSnTGHggGlNCVp0zgN50rOlJgsn9DV-YJfE9a1LKpPBcN8REHi2GxLX9IJne2vEoZ62dHfBz9AUUVLYr/s1600/Westinghouse+4.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT4xQhvaQL8_YbdgwzNDXN9Raw6X7Na2g-QI3PMCiIJbaokhb8A0IRd-FC9QhSbSnTGHggGlNCVp0zgN50rOlJgsn9DV-YJfE9a1LKpPBcN8REHi2GxLX9IJne2vEoZ62dHfBz9AUUVLYr/s1600/Westinghouse+4.PNG" height="200" width="151" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The house Matsumoto designed in Jackson was located at the corner of Northside Drive and Kimwood Drive in northeast Jackson. According to John G. Adams, who was the regional manager for Westinghouse’s Total Electric Home program, Jackson was selected as one of the target cities due to “the vitality of its home building market and the willingness of its people to accept the newest and best ideas in modern living.” He also cited Jackson’s diverse economy and the capital city’s leadership in banking, good retail climate and overall business environment. Commission in 1958, the contractor selected to build the house from Matsumoto’s design was J.C. Gibson, a native of Smith County. Gibson (<i>left</i>) got his start as a building contractor during World War II, when he worked on various construction projects at Camp Shelby. After the war, he moved to Jackson and in 1951 started his own construction firm. By 1960, when the Westinghouse Gold Medallion house was completed, Gibson had built more than 350 homes in the Jackson area, usually in partnership with McGehee Realty. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpcLkHltvGyv5X10k3QDSoS8TD-cKgtt79yotmO2HPOTWiMhgwremHlkbeoTHewQlHP1vaW8Ymr-CBD0yZbAypzqSDuW0rpmvzrZ0aFIGTJdFVA1WOF9uG7RrZF984g76pcnkeTZrZ0YGQ/s1600/Westinghouse+3.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpcLkHltvGyv5X10k3QDSoS8TD-cKgtt79yotmO2HPOTWiMhgwremHlkbeoTHewQlHP1vaW8Ymr-CBD0yZbAypzqSDuW0rpmvzrZ0aFIGTJdFVA1WOF9uG7RrZF984g76pcnkeTZrZ0YGQ/s1600/Westinghouse+3.PNG" height="172" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Once completed, the Westinghouse Total Electric Home opened for public tours on Sunday, April 24, 1960. The 1,604 square foot house included two courtyard areas, called “Outdoor Living Centers,” three bedrooms, a living room, entertainment center and a rather small “food preparation center” situated in the middle of a large open area. Several of the local companies providing the products for the house encouraged the public to visit the house, including the Jackson Linoleum Company, which installed the vinyl floors, and Neely & Edwards, who installed the electrical system. Of course, one of the chief proponents of the house was the Mississippi Power & Light Company, who wanted to encourage more all-electric homes in the area (by 1960 they were already servicing more than 800 in west central Mississippi). Visitors to the house were especially encouraged to note the built-in appliances. “With facilities like this,” wrote John Adams of Westinghouse, “the housewife actually becomes a home manager who has a great number of electrical assistants.”</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In 1967, the house was sold by its original owners and enlarged by the new owner to more than 4,000 square feet. Unfortunately, much of Matsumoto’s original design was lost in the renovation. Although the house is much larger than originally planned, the exterior (<i>left</i>) still retains characteristics of the original design. More importantly, the Westinghouse “Total Electric Home” in Jackson represents an era of optimism expressed through its modern design and its emphasis on creating a better living environment through technology, an aspect of modern life we now take for granted. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For your interest, here is a link to a Youtube video on the All Electric Home: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jyrTgtPTz3M</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">* <span style="font-size: x-small;">Interestingly, Westinghouse has another much earlier connection to Mississippi. In December 1864, Lt. Albert Westinghouse, the brother of inventor and industrialist George Westinghouse (and founder of the company) was killed in action at Leakesville, Mississippi. Westinghouse was an officer in the 2nd New York Cavalry.</span> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><u>Photo and Image Sources:</u></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(1) Total Electric Home illustration: http://thriftshopromantic.blogspot.com/</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(2) Matsumoto: http://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(3) Dewitt House: http://www.ncmodernist.org/matsumoto.htm</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(4) Original house illustration: </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">From the April 24, 1960, Clarion-Ledger</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(5) Gibson: </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">From the April 24, 1960, Clarion-Ledger</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(6) Floor Plan: </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">From the April 24, 1960, Clarion-Ledger</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(7) Current house photo: Image by the author</span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMFXsrG25fpjwpXn-gSupw6DADbjjDnYjlLvtZfFf8uRTpV2PMoLzt2RZqvfArDCeAO3TSP6z2mrGURziF5EILijZW1uQB1GDGwCXYQlYvRwWbqtgQ6xJkFHZK4iWleZjCNvJXSiN-4Mfi/s1600/Upset+9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMFXsrG25fpjwpXn-gSupw6DADbjjDnYjlLvtZfFf8uRTpV2PMoLzt2RZqvfArDCeAO3TSP6z2mrGURziF5EILijZW1uQB1GDGwCXYQlYvRwWbqtgQ6xJkFHZK4iWleZjCNvJXSiN-4Mfi/s1600/Upset+9.jpg" height="163" width="200" /></a>During the first half of the 20th Century, both Millsaps College and the Majors' arch rival Mississippi College regularly played bigger (and usually better) schools, including plenty of teams considered powerhouses today. The number of wins against the likes of LSU, Ole Miss and Mississippi A&M were few and far between during those years, but in 1930, Millsaps scored a huge upset against the Maroons of Mississippi A&M by a score of 19-13. That win prompted a congratulatory Western Union telegram (<i>right</i>) delivered to the Majors' captain in Starkville and a parade down Capitol Street in Jackson. The same season, though, Millsaps lost games to Stetson and Birmingham Southern, both teams they should have beaten. So, was the victory over the Maroons a fluke? Only time would tell. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFcpKd1DYZL_aHJyqoiUb60DGWz5b9VGJun6wYZczcgyVRAJdO9dbc_IgAArXNAMN6n4eRK2MCRT43wKhY-JCQ2gAxg0fhdwiSHAhlogihyphenhyphenLgG_f9xSYKLG3J3CUEcdd0ADWNbwr3TeGCk/s1600/Upset+10.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFcpKd1DYZL_aHJyqoiUb60DGWz5b9VGJun6wYZczcgyVRAJdO9dbc_IgAArXNAMN6n4eRK2MCRT43wKhY-JCQ2gAxg0fhdwiSHAhlogihyphenhyphenLgG_f9xSYKLG3J3CUEcdd0ADWNbwr3TeGCk/s1600/Upset+10.PNG" height="200" width="96" /></a>Just four years later, in 1934, Millsaps again traveled to Starkville to take on Mississippi State College (the name of the school had been changed by the Mississippi Legislature in 1932). Since Millsaps' dramatic victory in 1930, the Maroons had won three straight over the Majors and had blanked Millsaps 18-0 in 1933. But Mississippi State had little else to crow about in '34. The boys from Starkville had not had a winning season since 1927 and the week before had been shut out by Vanderbilt. The coach for Mississippi State was a military officer named Capt. A. Ross MacKechnie. MacKechnie (<i>left</i>) had played football at the University of Washington and was a professor of Military Science and Tactics at Mississippi State. His annual salary at Mississippi State was $600, plus the use of a house on campus. Meanwhile, the Millsaps coach was no stranger to Starkville. A native of Covington County, Coach Tranny Lee Gaddy (<i>right</i>) was a four-year letterman in football, track and basketball at Mississippi A&M. Interestingly, he was also a big game hunter and had bagged a bengal tiger in the jungles of India. During the 1933 season, Coach Gaddy's Majors posted a 4-4-2 record, capped by a thrilling 2-0 win over the hated Choctaws of Mississippi College on Thanksgiving Day. </div>
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The 1934 renewal of the Millsaps-Mississippi State rivalry was played on Friday, October 5. Neither team did much in the way of scoring, but the Majors drew blood in the first quarter when halfback Gabriel "Axe" Felder scored on a rushing play. The extra point was made by Bob Womack, a two-way lineman who was the</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_ppZHna__fgGq-wObss9utOeu_HlSH-ltuhptL33eUtoEXLNMFUg8f9lglk5fiylxVMd90lq2zN57vdRxHm-2IJdpb2W9ylZMtzW4-FOEWg0lyIgxr-Xm9VajRwMr6MgPOR2Z8tl3llkD/s1600/Upset+5.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_ppZHna__fgGq-wObss9utOeu_HlSH-ltuhptL33eUtoEXLNMFUg8f9lglk5fiylxVMd90lq2zN57vdRxHm-2IJdpb2W9ylZMtzW4-FOEWg0lyIgxr-Xm9VajRwMr6MgPOR2Z8tl3llkD/s1600/Upset+5.PNG" style="cursor: move;" /></a>hero of the 1933 win over Mississippi College. In that contest, Womack blocked a block for a safety, which turned out to be the margin of victory. Mississippi State scored in the second quarter on a touchdown pass reception by Fred Walters. Walters (<i>right</i>), from Laurel, was an amazing athlete. A four-year letterman in football, basketball and baseball, he played for the Boston Red Sox in 1945 and was an SEC official in baseball and football for twenty-three years. His catch in the game evened the score with the Majors, or least it should have. The extra point, however, was low and wide and no good. Neither team could score again and Millsaps walked away with a 7-6 win.<br />
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Newspapers across the state, of course, heralded the upset. The Purple and White, the Millsaps College newspaper, gloated over the win, running a headline which read "Militant Majors Maul Cocky Cow College Cohorts!" To celebrate the victory, Saturday classes were cancelled and both faculty and students enjoyed a "demonstration" at the North State Street entrance to the campus. The Purple and White also included a bit of post-game "smack" talk, inquiring if anyone at A&M studied "anything other than horticulture" and joking that all the Maroons appeared the same, each sporting "a number ten shoe and size six hat." Mississippi State, meanwhile, was much more gracious than the Methodists in the 1935 yearbook. "Coming to the local campus as under-dogs," reported the Reveille, "they walked away with a well-earned victory, and left a spirit of desolation in their wake." By the end of the season, Millsaps posted a very respectable 7-2-1 record, including a shutout of Mississippi College at the state fairgrounds on Thanksgiving Day. Mississippi State, meanwhile, had another unimpressive 4-6 year, losing the final game to Ole Miss 7-3. Interestingly, both the Flood (as Ole Miss was called at the time) and the Maroons worked out at Millsaps on Friday before Saturday's game at Jackson's Municipal Stadium. After the game, the M Clubs for both schools organized a dance, and students of both Ole Miss and Mississippi State "did the two-step into the night."</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8MgATeKQdfzxL8zYYRiTAue4JZwJWQw5qva9bKd7bestEscgHTqg3rudg9MbjkK_EHoD3pEsa_YZyefvzo2PfjxzGMYLhHtqtHwTlakJGdEYIE52ecvIbJNsDPNcX2Mf-R1XMNVOrqi42/s1600/Upset+11.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8MgATeKQdfzxL8zYYRiTAue4JZwJWQw5qva9bKd7bestEscgHTqg3rudg9MbjkK_EHoD3pEsa_YZyefvzo2PfjxzGMYLhHtqtHwTlakJGdEYIE52ecvIbJNsDPNcX2Mf-R1XMNVOrqi42/s1600/Upset+11.PNG" height="200" width="124" /></a>Of course, the rivalry between Mississippi State and Ole Miss is alive and well and since 1927 the annual grudge match has been known as the "Egg Bowl." The rivalry between Millsaps and Missisippi State, however, ended in 1944. For all the bravado by the Majors following their 1934 victory over Mississippi State, it would not happen again. The next year, Mississippi State's fortunes changed dramatically under head coach Ralph Sasse (<i>right</i>), who was, ironically, a real Major (in the army that is). Perhaps his most famous act at Mississippi State was adding a live bulldog mascot (Coach Sasse is seen holding the dog in the photo here). Over the next decade, Mississippi State played Millsaps another six times and beat the Majors by a combined score of 256-19. The final game, played in the midst of World War II, was a 56-0 rout by the Bulldogs. The total record between the two schools stands at 14-2-1 (they played to a 0-0 tie in 1929). And with that, the series between Millsaps and Mississippi State ended. In the immortal words of the late, great Jack Cristil, you can "wrap it in Maroon and White."</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">(1) Telegram: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millsaps_Majors</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">(2) MacKechnie: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_McKechnie</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">(3) Gaddy: From the Bobashela 1934 - https://archive.org</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">(4) Game image: From the 1935 Reveille - https://archive.org</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">(5) Walters: From the 1935 Reveille - https://archive.org</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">(6) Sasse: from The Maroon Bulldogs: Mississippi State Football by William Sorrels</span></div>
Jim Woodrickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15917299007746671963noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3408099437107639570.post-49585474819112007722014-09-01T13:43:00.001-05:002014-09-01T13:43:32.420-05:00"Obscene and immoral:" Lt. Ezra Ripley and the Court Martial of Col. Ebenezer Pierce<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIOyV4X_ZQsERBY1kSI7b8tRuSLLVoiLRU2j8d-Gl95In3z5QxhPMpJ4WtChzKYbZiMnjlExxiKpp823iqb14u0hlhTUt2weWr9KtRXSDdhk1WA4h1AW5Nw5z51V_VsF_f0XtCqBrg3c9v/s1600/Col.+Pierce.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIOyV4X_ZQsERBY1kSI7b8tRuSLLVoiLRU2j8d-Gl95In3z5QxhPMpJ4WtChzKYbZiMnjlExxiKpp823iqb14u0hlhTUt2weWr9KtRXSDdhk1WA4h1AW5Nw5z51V_VsF_f0XtCqBrg3c9v/s1600/Col.+Pierce.PNG" /></a>Ebenezer Weaver Pierce, born in 1822 in Assonet, Massachusetts, was a member of an old New England family with some wealth. He attended several local academies, but did not attend college. Instead, he took up sheep farming and joined the Massachusetts State Militia, where he served until the beginning of the Civil War, advancing to the rank of brigadier general in the militia. In the early months of the war, Pierce (<i>right</i>) served with Benjamin Butler and in June 1861 led the Union forces at the battle of Big Bethel in Virginia, with disastrous results. In December, despite the debacle at Big Bethel, he was named colonel of the 29th Massachusetts Infantry. Initially posted at Fortress Monroe, his regiment witnessed the historic naval battle between the Monitor and the Virginia. The 29th Massachusetts would see a great deal more in the coming months and years, including service in Mississippi in 1863. Before the colonel ever witnessed his men in battle against the Confederates, however, he had to withstand a coup attempt from within own regiment. One man in particular was determined to have Pierce removed from command: Lt. Ezra Ripley.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN741BiK3Z97Kj5SBfE1_DXHxBe9rvHvrjnRu4SXmSxc2t7vyPIrBoYJb-xVRYOrSOBiQTCkRvP8ZA97r9dXdW_Zq53kczKmJ5KQnaSVqJovP2t09EjGTUgCeJsEik-eYBfYijAQqZL985/s1600/Old+Manse.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN741BiK3Z97Kj5SBfE1_DXHxBe9rvHvrjnRu4SXmSxc2t7vyPIrBoYJb-xVRYOrSOBiQTCkRvP8ZA97r9dXdW_Zq53kczKmJ5KQnaSVqJovP2t09EjGTUgCeJsEik-eYBfYijAQqZL985/s1600/Old+Manse.PNG" height="153" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoj1xXArCqSPR0jroCISKqwksrFMx2BViLDTgotK6ksi1OUEAGHf7-mdHzHCmaB7Gsu9Vd99WrcEv6WmVAdUSJ3E992M0zrGj_AKS1La9XBlhLrDnBDwuytMvFWA3cBAf6acjWCixG_dvS/s1600/Ezra+Ripley.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoj1xXArCqSPR0jroCISKqwksrFMx2BViLDTgotK6ksi1OUEAGHf7-mdHzHCmaB7Gsu9Vd99WrcEv6WmVAdUSJ3E992M0zrGj_AKS1La9XBlhLrDnBDwuytMvFWA3cBAf6acjWCixG_dvS/s1600/Ezra+Ripley.PNG" /></a>Ripley, born in 1826, was one of seven children born to Samuel and Sarah Ripley. Samuel Ripley, his father, was a Harvard divinity school graduate and a prominent Unitarian minister in Waltham, Massachusetts. His grandfather and namesake, Rev. Ezra Ripley (<i>below left</i>), was an even more prominent Puritan preacher in Concord. When the elder Ezra's first wife died, he married the widow of William Emerson, the father of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Thus, Ralph Waldo Emerson became Rev. Ripley's stepson. When the elder Ezra died (he was, as an aside, a witness to the Revolutionary War fight at Concord), Emerson wrote a memorial to him, in which he described his stepfather as "a perfectly sincere man, punctual, severe, but just and charitable, and if he made his forms a strait-jacket to others, he wore the same himself all his years." Samuel and Sarah Ripley, meanwhile, operated an academy in Waltham where they trained young men to enter Harvard. Sarah was herself classically educated and taught Greek, Latin and German to both the students and her growing family. She was also tolerant, if not supportive, of the Transcendental movement espoused by Emerson and was one of the few women who regularly attended their meetings. In 1846, having raised her brood of children, Samuel and Sarah retired to the Old Manse in Concord to escape the "dreary passage of constant labours and homesick boys." Unfortunately, Samuel died the next year; Sarah lived for another twenty years. The Old Manse in Concord (<i>above left</i>), built in 1770, where both the Emersons and Ripleys lived, is now a National Historic Landmark. Nathaniel Hawthorne also lived there for about three years, and composed some twenty works at the Old Manse.<br />
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Ezra Ripley, like his father, graduated from Harvard in 1846 and practiced law in the years before the Civil War. Seized by patriotic fervor, however, the 35-year-old Ripley enlisted in the fight to save the Union and to free the slaves (he was an avowed Abolitionist). Hardly an ideal candidate for the army, he was described as "slender, delicate, sensitive, and [a] peculiarly unwarlike person" with less than robust health. Perhaps due to his family connections, however, Ezra Ripley secured an appointment as a lieutenant in Co. B, 29th Massachusetts Infantry. It was during the regiment's stay at Fortress Monroe that the trouble erupted between Ripley and the colonel of the regiment, Ebenezer W. Pierce. In the spring of 1862, Ripley and several others brought charges against Col. Pierce for several reported indecent activities, including forcing several privates to give a concert composed of "certain improper, vulgar and indecent songs," during which the commanding officer "did laugh and encourage them while singing." Specifically, his accusers claimed the song 'The Farmer's Daughter' was "very vulgar." In addition, the colonel was accused of having in his possession (in a locked drawer) "obscene and immoral literature" containing "low and bawdy" pictures and engravings. Finally, he was accused of leaving his post to consort with some of the local slave women at a nearby plantation. Almost as an afterthought, the colonel was accused of incompetency as an officer and with assaulting a private without cause. Clearly, there was bad blood among many of the officers of the 29th Massachusetts. The resulting trial lasted eight days, during which a host of witnesses, both in support and in opposition to Col. Pierce, were paraded before the judges' panel. After hearing copious testimony concerning the nature of the song 'The Farmer's Daughter' and the contents of a "vulgar" book entitled Frances Hill, the colonel was found guilty on three counts and recommended for dismissal from the service. However, Gen. John Wool, a 78-year-old veteran of the War of 1812 and Mexican War in charge of the Norfolk and Fortress Monroe area (in fact the oldest general on either side), vacated the ruling, judging the whole affair to be an internal disagreement over rank and privilege rather than morality. With Col. Pierce cleared and back in command, things would not go well for the chief accuser, Lt. Ezra Ripley, who would remain a lieutenant while others advanced in rank. In a memoir of Ripley published at Harvard, the biographer wrote that "some reasons interfered with his promotion, which were in a high degree honorable to him, but they cannot properly be mentioned here."<br />
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After serving throughout the Peninsula Campaign and the horrific battles of Antietam and Fredericksburg, the 29th Massachusetts Infantry, as part of the IX Corps, moved to Kentucky and then to Mississippi, where they arrived in the midst of the Vicksburg Campaign. By the time the regiment arrived in Mississippi, Col. Pierce was no longer with his unit, having lost his right arm to a Confederate cannonball at White Oak Swamp, Virginia. After recovering, he requested a return to active service and was assigned a brigade command in the IX Corps. Although he remained in Kentucky, his old regiment - including Lt. Ripley - arrived in mid-June at Vicksburg. The sweltering heat must have been a shock to the Eastern seaboard troops, who had never been farther south than the Bluegrass state. For the men who were already in poor health, the conditions were not favorable. According to the unit's historian, "Deaths were very frequent among the troops here during this time, burial parties were almost constantly engaged, and the funeral notes of the fife and drum could be heard nearly every hour in the day. None save the strongest came out of that campaign in sound health." Indeed, the "delicate and sensitive" Lt. Ezra Ripley would not survive the sojourn to Mississippi. When the 29th Massachusetts marched with the rest of the IX Corps to participate in the siege of Jackson in mid-July, Ripley was unable to make the march, though he tried to reach the unit in the back of an open wagon, no doubt hopeful that he might finally advance in rank through some heroics. By the time he arrived in Jackson, however, the week-long siege had ended and the unit was returning to Vicksburg. He returned in an ambulance, stricken further by the excessive heat. The 29th Massachusetts was one of three Massachusetts regiments to serve in Mississippi during the Vicksburg and Jackson campaigns. All three are memorialized by the Massachusetts monument (above), located on Grant Circle in the Vicksburg National Military Park. The Massachusetts monument was the first such monument to be erected, at a cost of $4,500, and was designed by sculptor Theo Alice Ruggles Kitson.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYO2QZ1Dq8a36DVsGe5AbpOhVcYSmq6t7ST8ORaRfmFc2JOTTlKaWc1NCnUGaE7a9Y1tI9DaEbGA62RM-FGTfFQJjnStXdsyy1othehZgb4rxnBKbv9KM7aLTBkXgDBjhRRruF-vWZFWjj/s1600/Ripley+grave.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYO2QZ1Dq8a36DVsGe5AbpOhVcYSmq6t7ST8ORaRfmFc2JOTTlKaWc1NCnUGaE7a9Y1tI9DaEbGA62RM-FGTfFQJjnStXdsyy1othehZgb4rxnBKbv9KM7aLTBkXgDBjhRRruF-vWZFWjj/s1600/Ripley+grave.PNG" height="320" width="210" /></a>With his health declining, Ripley decided to go home and boarded a steamer on July 28 bound for New England. As the boat passed the city of Vicksburg, he "spoke of the many comrades who had fallen there, and sadly asked that he might be lifted up to look once more upon that fatal spot." Too sick to even sit up without assistance, he died at 11:00 that night on board the boat while "a cool night breeze...was blowing through the open doors of his room." Before he died, he dictated a letter to a comrade to deliver to his wife. Lt. Ripley's body was left at Helena, Arkansas, and buried in the military cemetery there. Later, his remains were moved to the Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Concord, joining his his father and grandfather in death. Inscribed on his monument is the following:<br />
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<i>"In memory of Ezra Ripley, Lieutenant of the Twenty-ninth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers - born at Waltham, August 10, 1826 - died on the Mississippi River near Vicksburg, July 28, 1863. Of the best Pilgrim stock, descended from officers in the Revolutionary army, and from a long line of the ministers of Concord, he was worthy of his lineage. An able and successful lawyer, he gave himself with persistent zeal to the cause of the friendless and the oppressed. Of slender physical strength, and of a nature refined, sensitive, and delicate, he was led by patriotism and the live of freedom to leave home and friends for the toilsome labors of war, and shrank from no fatigue or danger, until, worn out in her service, he gave up his life for his country."</i><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTr4nvzVSSETlFDJgsKx77kuxIf7Ro-THDfT3HS_6DUIV1zbsnD-P3eZacuQ1ujzPuomyOzOVzQ6yYyy2KHkiQ6KlPPoHvqnkvpEItXW_0mILcEcH_o8qXt2-OK3bWNVNrJFHhUahJETfW/s1600/Book.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTr4nvzVSSETlFDJgsKx77kuxIf7Ro-THDfT3HS_6DUIV1zbsnD-P3eZacuQ1ujzPuomyOzOVzQ6yYyy2KHkiQ6KlPPoHvqnkvpEItXW_0mILcEcH_o8qXt2-OK3bWNVNrJFHhUahJETfW/s1600/Book.PNG" height="200" width="141" /></a>When news reached his mother, Sarah Ripley, she was naturally distraught. She died a couple of years later in 1867. Ripley's widow never remarried and lived until 1917. * Meanwhile, Col. Pierce, despite losing his right arm, served with his regiment during the siege of Knoxville, where he had some rather harsh observations about the women of East Tennessee. In a letter from January 1864, Pierce observed that "... The greatest difficulty with which East Tenn has to contend [...] its women, its lazy, nasty, slip shod, tobacco chewing, pipe smoking and snuff dipping women. Bring to East Tennessee a race of men in intellect equal to Daniel Webster and Henry Clay and any other great men of whom our country can boast to have raised since the discovery of this continent and let those men intermarry with the she apes of East Tennessee falsely called women and the progeny will still continue to be a smock faced, pug nosed curly haired, unmeaning clam water closed eyed, half asleep, demi-idiotic race as at present." After leaving Tennessee (no doubt at the delight of both Col. Pierce and the local women), the 29th Massachusetts saw action at Cold Harbor and Petersburg, where Pierce commanded a brigade. He was discharged on November 4, 1864, however, for "general nervous debility" and returned to Assonet, Massachusetts. After the war, he tried unsuccessfully to make money in real estate and then, according to one source, "passed the remainder of his days in no especial business," although he successfully published several books on local history and genealogy, including one with the very long title of <i>Indian history, biography, and genealogy: pertaining to the good sachem Massasoit of the Wampanoag tribe, and his descendants: with an appendix</i> (<i>below left</i>). Perhaps due to his inability to find meaningful work, his wife Irene obtained a divorce in 1875. Their only child, a son named Palo Alto Pierce, became an alderman in Freetown, Massachusetts. The old colonel remarried in 1892 and then died in 1902. He is buried in the Assonet Burying Ground in Massachusetts, although his grave does not appear in cemetery lists.<br />
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Conflicts among officers in a Civil War regiment, especially early in the conflict, weren't that unusual, as men were often jockeying for position. The trial of Col. Pierce on charges of immorality, however, are a bit unusual, and the reasons for it are still a bit murky. Perhaps he really was a vulgar man (considering his observations about East Tennessee women), but perhaps it was that Lt. Ripley was an equally moralistic and judgmental man, given his background. Perhaps Col. Pierce was an incompetent soldier, considering his handling of troops at Big Bethel. However, his service later in the war does not indicate any particular incompetence or cowardice in battle. Perhaps -- and this is pure speculation -- Col. Pierce wasn't acceptable to Ripley and his supporters because Pierce wasn't an ardent Abolitionist. Or it could be as simple as a class struggle - Ripley may have believed that, due to his prominent family and Harvard education, he should by right have been promoted to command over a sheep farmer (he would certainly not be the only officer during the Civil War to have such patrician tendencies). We will perhaps never know the true cause.<br />
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* <span style="font-size: x-small;">Although born after his death, one of Ezra's nephews (and named for him) was Ezra Ripley Thayer. In 1913, Thayer was Dean of the Harvard School of Law. When Cole Porter, the famous American songwriter, enrolled in Harvard Law School that year, Thayer suggested that Porter might be better suited in music and suggested he enroll in Harvard's music school. Without telling his parents, Porter took Thayer's advice.</span><br />
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For more information of the trial of Col. Pierce, please see <i>Tarnished Eagles: The Courts-Martial of Fifty Union Colonel and Lieutenant Colonels</i> by Thomas P. Lowry, M.D. (1997).<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo and Image Sources:</span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(1) Ebenezer Pierce: From <i>The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography: Being the History of the United States as Illustrated in the Lives of the Founders, Builders, and Defenders of the Republic, and of the Men and Women who are Doing the Work and Moulding the Thought of the Present Time, Volume 11</i> (1909)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(2) Rev. Ezra Ripley: http://www.mappingthoreaucountry.org</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(3) Old Manse: http://en.wikipedia.org</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">(4) Court Martal: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Locomotive_Chase#mediaviewer/File:Andrews-raid-court-martial.png</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(5) Massachusetts monument: http://www.nps.gov</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(6) Ripley grave: https://www.flickr.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(7) Book: https://archive.org</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(8) Pierce: http://en.wikipedia.org</span></div>
Jim Woodrickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15917299007746671963noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3408099437107639570.post-37722953018060599362014-07-25T16:19:00.001-05:002014-07-25T16:19:37.070-05:00"This is my stand:" "Soggy" Sweat's Whiskey Speech<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfyYNXXNUQg-pHnGiri4ybRTrEiuiaMs74CwDRrscme60ZyOeDV_US7MHN_sXYXxj4fZjY5gNtIbM8BVi6t3lpQebFJlBmomFp0mCMcBWpPuxsG6qJ27MapEAOXyELzF4NPwuF56ZxASA0/s1600/Soggy+2.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfyYNXXNUQg-pHnGiri4ybRTrEiuiaMs74CwDRrscme60ZyOeDV_US7MHN_sXYXxj4fZjY5gNtIbM8BVi6t3lpQebFJlBmomFp0mCMcBWpPuxsG6qJ27MapEAOXyELzF4NPwuF56ZxASA0/s1600/Soggy+2.PNG" height="200" width="167" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Noah
Sweat, Jr. came from a long line of Alcorn County and northeast Mississippi
folk, and a long line of “Noahs” too. His great grandfather, Noah Sweat, was
born in South Carolina and moved to Georgia, where his son Laney Noah Sweat (<i>right</i>) was
born in 1857. Like his father, he was a farmer. He died at age 44 in 1901 in
Kossuth, Mississippi. Two of his sons, William Commodore and Noah Spurgeon
Sweat, became lawyers and practiced in Corinth. Commodore Sweat (1878-1960) was
the attorney for the Alcorn County Board of Supervisors and served as
secretary/treasurer for the Union Mill Gin and Warehouse Company in Corinth. * </span><br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCtaZEF9uRUN3a0O0F8Fe3SoPxc4I7_7KBr_xlvfW9JUKwdHFCZ1inXRUcG4LUFaFjgzsT1-h5f_YFzeYII0DbPvJkl89bovJKXdbTXIPwaSsGu8prFLCr4_xWkH1EKp3V9vwTBit3xFBl/s1600/Soggy+3.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCtaZEF9uRUN3a0O0F8Fe3SoPxc4I7_7KBr_xlvfW9JUKwdHFCZ1inXRUcG4LUFaFjgzsT1-h5f_YFzeYII0DbPvJkl89bovJKXdbTXIPwaSsGu8prFLCr4_xWkH1EKp3V9vwTBit3xFBl/s1600/Soggy+3.PNG" height="200" width="149" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Commodore Sweat’s brother, Noah (<i>left</i>), was born in 1892. He was also an attorney and
was elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives in 1923 at age 31. A
Baptist, a Mason, and a member of the American Legion (he was a World War I
veteran), Noah S. Sweat, Sr. (1892-1978) was elected as a city judge in Corinth
after his service in the Legislature. He lived to the ripe old age of 86. His
son – the fourth Noah Sweat in as many generations – was born in 1922. Like his
father, Noah Spurgeon Sweat, Jr., was an attorney and was elected to the
Mississippi Legislature at age 24, serving a single term in the House of
Representatives. Although he would later serve as a respected judge and law
professor, he is best known by his nickname, “Soggy,” and remembered most for a
speech he gave in 1952 on the subject of liquor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span> <br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinOqzsPrnsGJxpUcU4AG3UuJigf3ijV7n0B3Xi3bbiVNbBIko-Y2Avcc6d5sW2YixfWiDFGtdsA-7KpOuEmJTwyKcba7A-3q9rLi0ergz3QeKKltKP6mbfS5c1UzwbHjgXXQNsXbv0XWTu/s1600/Soggy+1.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinOqzsPrnsGJxpUcU4AG3UuJigf3ijV7n0B3Xi3bbiVNbBIko-Y2Avcc6d5sW2YixfWiDFGtdsA-7KpOuEmJTwyKcba7A-3q9rLi0ergz3QeKKltKP6mbfS5c1UzwbHjgXXQNsXbv0XWTu/s1600/Soggy+1.PNG" height="200" width="165" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3nHdoRGMLoyLnQtpOML3RjiUwpbxeayF1rheps_ST8_UtL9eWK3a7mQqKBo4rZEHCBiDuprK4DK4OuExnog3EFu7sc1_vs5JicxzdnYcM2rGO6tTkp9N1acTWt-QAlUz515vSG7yq87gV/s1600/Soggy+6.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3nHdoRGMLoyLnQtpOML3RjiUwpbxeayF1rheps_ST8_UtL9eWK3a7mQqKBo4rZEHCBiDuprK4DK4OuExnog3EFu7sc1_vs5JicxzdnYcM2rGO6tTkp9N1acTWt-QAlUz515vSG7yq87gV/s1600/Soggy+6.PNG" height="200" width="160" /></a><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
1952, as in other years, the legalization of whiskey and other liquors was a
topic of spirited debate in the Legislature. While the Senate had passed
legislation for local option for legalized liquor sales, the House had not
moved the legislation along. Not only were there moral objections to the sale
of whiskey, but state legislators, and perhaps Gov. Hugh White as well, feared
the loss of tax revenue from “black market” liquor sales which the state
collected. On Friday, April 4, 1952, Rep. Noah S. “Soggy” Sweat (<i>right</i>), still just 28
years old and in his final year as a legislator, was invited to give a speech
on the subject at a banquet for legislators and other state elected officials
and their wives. Sweat, it seems, had let it be known that he had been working
on a “universal approach” on the liquor question. The following speech was
delivered that night at the King Edward Hotel in Jackson:</span><br />
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<i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">My
friends, I had not intended to discuss this controversial subject at this
particular time. However, I want you to know that I do not shun controversy. On
the contrary, I will take a stand on any issue at any time, regardless of how
fraught with controversy it might be. You have asked me how I feel about
whiskey. All right, here is how I feel about whiskey:</span></i></div>
<i>
</i><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If
when you say whiskey you mean the devil's brew, the poison scourge, the bloody
monster, that defiles innocence, dethrones reason, destroys the home, creates
misery and poverty, yea, literally takes the bread from the mouths of little
children; if you mean the evil drink that topples the Christian man and woman
from the pinnacle of righteous, gracious living into the bottomless pit of
degradation, and despair, and shame and helplessness, and hopelessness, then
certainly I am against it.</span></i></div>
<i>
</i><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But,
if when you say whiskey you mean the oil of conversation, the philosophic wine,
the ale that is consumed when good fellows get together, that puts a song in
their hearts and laughter on their lips, and the warm glow of contentment in
their eyes; if you mean Christmas cheer; if you mean the stimulating drink that
puts the spring in the old gentleman's step on a frosty, crispy morning; if you
mean the drink which enables a man to magnify his joy, and his happiness, and
to forget, if only for a little while, life's great tragedies, and heartaches,
and sorrows; if you mean that drink, the sale of which pours into our treasuries
untold millions of dollars, which are used to provide tender care for our
little crippled children, our blind, our deaf, our dumb, our pitiful aged and
infirm; to build highways and hospitals and schools, then certainly I am for
it.</span></i></div>
<i>
</i><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This
is my stand. I will not retreat from it. I will not compromise.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia1_Dy0rOxjf6z3CL_krKwj3HChWaDX6ztzFVPaZ47oRfhgBBwVMyUEr3mAjl9GTmqwDZw_9_WT78VZ_HTI2vwePbMiORpteX35rHag5CKm7NUdl9WqhOspIIoHpYLj38yideVWGXFI2ci/s1600/Soggy+4.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia1_Dy0rOxjf6z3CL_krKwj3HChWaDX6ztzFVPaZ47oRfhgBBwVMyUEr3mAjl9GTmqwDZw_9_WT78VZ_HTI2vwePbMiORpteX35rHag5CKm7NUdl9WqhOspIIoHpYLj38yideVWGXFI2ci/s1600/Soggy+4.PNG" height="200" width="143" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
next day, the Jackson <i>Clarion-Ledger</i> reported that “Soggy” Sweat delivered a “somewhat
powerful, hesitatingly unequivocal speech…in which he sort of emphatically
described his ‘universal approach’ to our current controversial issue.” Sweat
called his oration “The Whiskey Speech,” and apparently had spent some bit of
time composing it. The reception from the assembled crowd of dignitaries was
silence during the first half of the speech, followed by a “tremendous burst of
applause” by those opposed to liquor. The second half of the speech was
similarly received. Sweat recalled in later years that “The drys were as
unhappy with the second part of the speech as the wets were with the first
half.” Throughout, the newspaper reported, “‘Soggy’s’ youthful eyes twinkled at
both the silences and the applauses.” </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIl2HpzHeItimkqncUhBGTWmer-hdUL9JXzikkgviDexXZuWg2F3clp0cO8UAzCHpQ5wbBiS5RANP6uOMva7afmTQF1MYx-8UhV2G105YOz8sdb0fQiHrYqDUqsbeahQcDjwlb3LEaWWEX/s1600/Soggy+5.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIl2HpzHeItimkqncUhBGTWmer-hdUL9JXzikkgviDexXZuWg2F3clp0cO8UAzCHpQ5wbBiS5RANP6uOMva7afmTQF1MYx-8UhV2G105YOz8sdb0fQiHrYqDUqsbeahQcDjwlb3LEaWWEX/s1600/Soggy+5.PNG" height="200" width="193" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Although
it has at times been incorrectly attributed to other politicians, “The Whiskey
Speech” is today considered among the most iconic speeches ever delivered in
American political circles. Similar arguments - those which seem to take both
sides of a controversial issue - are known as “If by whiskey” speeches. Lauded
by William Safire and other writers for its brilliant composition, “The Whiskey
Speech” remains a part of Mississippi’s political landscape, so much so that it
was reenacted by Rep. Ed Perry of Oxford during the centennial observance of
the “new” state capitol in 2003. In 1952, however, the speech apparently had no
effect on the issue at hand. In fact, it took another fourteen years for
Mississippi to finally approve local options for legal liquor sales. The first
legal liquor store in Mississippi was in Greenville, and opened on August 6,
1966. In reporting the opening of the “Jigger and Jug,” the Delta <i>Democrat-Times</i>’
ran a front page photo (<i>above right</i>) with a caption that read: “Happy Day.” </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Noah
“Soggy” Sweat, after serving just one term in the Mississippi Legislature, went on
to become a judge and then taught in the law school at the University of
Mississippi and was founder of the Mississippi Judicial College at Ole Miss.
John Grisham, the acclaimed novelist, was once his assistant. Judge Sweat died
in 1996 and is buried, along with most of the Sweat family, in the Henry
Cemetery in Corinth. Despite a long and distinguished career as an attorney and
a jurist, he will forever, and perhaps rightly so, be known for his famous “Whiskey
Speech.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*
William Commodore Sweat’s youngest child was Jonathan Mitchell Sweat. Born in
1925, he was a graduate of both Vanderbilt University and Julliard and was a
prominent member of the Millsaps College music faculty for 38 years. Dr. Sweat
died in 2009.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PHOTO<span style="font-size: x-small;"> AND IMAGE SOURCES:</span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(1) Laney Sweat: http//trees.ancestry.com</span></span> </span> </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(2) Noah S. Sweat, Sr.: From <i>Mississippi Official and Statistical <span style="font-size: x-small;">Resister</span>, 1924-28</i></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(3) Noah S. Sweat, Jr.: http://harrolds.blogspot.com</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(4) King Edward Hotel: http://misspreservation.com/2014/03/13/crisis-averted </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(5) Speech: http://www.themerrymonk.com</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(6) Delta Democrat-Times: htt<span style="font-size: x-small;">p://www.newspapers.com</span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></div>
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCudPit9FT96Fd_HYu09UTFi8UyirRl0YgeKnefhHpEk65BWHXq44_CPcDnUNwuOQGdMUV03L9fclKjv51nMzaTC6Xnb2DFBOsKugst62SzFVdaqzWVPJyolbsPreTQOGWa1GCzlPPcnHc/s1600/Delta+13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCudPit9FT96Fd_HYu09UTFi8UyirRl0YgeKnefhHpEk65BWHXq44_CPcDnUNwuOQGdMUV03L9fclKjv51nMzaTC6Xnb2DFBOsKugst62SzFVdaqzWVPJyolbsPreTQOGWa1GCzlPPcnHc/s1600/Delta+13.jpg" height="200" width="190" /></a></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
May 1943, Axis troops in North Africa were defeated by Allied forces and taken
prisoner. As a result, both German and Italian soldiers from the famous
"Afrika Korps" were transported to the United States to prisoner of
war camps, a number of which were located in Mississippi. There were four main
P.O.W. camps in Mississippi during World War II, including Clinton and Como and
at the military installations at Camp Shelby and Camp McCain. Of these, Camp
Clinton was used to house higher-ranking German officers, including Erwin
Rommel's replacement as the commander of the Afrika Korps, Gen. Jurgen Von
Arnim (<i>right</i>). Officers, unlike enlisted men, could not be forced to work, although
many chose to anyway. At Clinton, the Germans helped build a model of the
Mississippi River for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to study flood control.
In other parts of the state, however, work was chiefly agricultural in nature. That was
especially true in the Delta, where there were ten satellite camps. Most of the
prisoners in these camps found themselves planting and picking cotton.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhor7EmwfpBfADHlbVIMMJ8e1h6Iv5OvSerRCZ0E9kI4V5x6YmWk1K0NaoPRflfOiqyh-a9G30hySOLZH0evbDhJ4CYBRv6tnyszaRc7hXMdfIG9PhQtNZ9oEMD2XJBbBy_VcuutfIIjELf/s1600/Delta+14.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhor7EmwfpBfADHlbVIMMJ8e1h6Iv5OvSerRCZ0E9kI4V5x6YmWk1K0NaoPRflfOiqyh-a9G30hySOLZH0evbDhJ4CYBRv6tnyszaRc7hXMdfIG9PhQtNZ9oEMD2XJBbBy_VcuutfIIjELf/s1600/Delta+14.PNG" height="200" width="188" /></a></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Among
the German prisoners assigned to a work detail in the Delta was a Luftwaffe
officer named Helmut von der Aue. Variously described being either six feet
tall or 6'3", the 26-year-old pilot had been shot down and captured in
Italy in September 1943. With dark hair, blue eyes and sporting a small
mustache, von der Aue was not only considered handsome but was fluent in
English, French and Italian, in addition to his native German.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After escaping from a prisoner of war camp in
Italy, von der Aue was transported to the United States and sent to Camp
Breckinridge in Kentucky (named for the former U.S. Vice President and
Confederate general John C. Breckinridge). On January 18, 1944, he escaped
while working on a road near the camp. After being recaptured, he was sent to
Camp McCain, Mississippi, and thence to a smaller camp at Rosedale, where he
was assigned to work on a plantation. </span><br />
</div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHJf-DlsEzqYkMSUQdsp0FZ7MDTd0RNlUCra61V7oqIhLtlw0o_q8PNszmh3WVxiR7vFcciCRK7wzuxHUjHmmtzijWbQXnDh2nT_XCI9PUjSuFB8L7afYcymAyw3VvvEOCGnuKZin49rIn/s1600/Delta+10.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHJf-DlsEzqYkMSUQdsp0FZ7MDTd0RNlUCra61V7oqIhLtlw0o_q8PNszmh3WVxiR7vFcciCRK7wzuxHUjHmmtzijWbQXnDh2nT_XCI9PUjSuFB8L7afYcymAyw3VvvEOCGnuKZin49rIn/s1600/Delta+10.PNG" height="128" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Along
with several other prisoners, Helmut von der Aue was sent to work on a
plantation owned by Joseph Henry Rogers near Beulah. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Joe Rogers was a 43-year-old planter and was apparently
away from home on a regular basis tending to business matters. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His wife Edith, who at age 37 was five years younger
than her husband, was described as "pretty." The couple had one
daughter, Joan. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To pass the time, Edith frequently
invited the German prisoners working in the fields to have lunch at her home. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Over a period of months, it seems, she
developed a particular attachment to Helmut von der Aue, the tall, handsome
pilot.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On one occasion in
early January 1946, he stayed behind while the other prisoners
returned to the fields. After he and Mrs. Rogers enjoyed a few drinks – and
possibly as much as a fifth of whiskey – the two decided to escape together.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Before leaving, she furnished von der Aue
with some of her husband’s clothes and then they took her car to Memphis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When interviewed later, von der Aue claimed
he was “tired of looking at fences, fences, fences,” but he also said he had
fallen in love with Edith, who had been very kind to him. Although he said he
was also fond of Joan, the couple did not take her with them. They left the
Delta behind with $10 cash.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">After
heading to Memphis, the couple drove east all night with the intent to go all
the way to Washington, where he hoped to find work with some acquaintances. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Arriving in Winchester, Tennessee, they
realized they were quickly running out of money. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With only $3 remaining and a half-empty gas
tank, Edith sold her watch for $5 to buy food and then wired some relatives in
Rosedale for more money. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Continuing to
Nashville, the couple tried to check into a hotel but was promptly arrested by
the F.B.I., who had been alerted of the escape and no doubt knew the make and
model of the car. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mrs. Rogers was charged with “aiding and abetting the escape of an enemy of the United States”
and held in the Nashville jail. Her bond was set at $2,000.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Helmut von der Aue, as an escaped prisoner of
war, was turned over to military authorities and eventually sent back to Camp
McCain. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrF5wC5EYhv5KmYYt_QfJoJ3xGcFiy1_rWAtoBVoidbqLvoT1vWG5fmwfT_Ea1yvOVOWGiVwiAx2fO479yV0Ks11txUliI8-3xu01Yl9TIe4575p7XDAOuIrpZ-1ZAdWfSxcuqxGuEIEc5/s1600/DELTA+1.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrF5wC5EYhv5KmYYt_QfJoJ3xGcFiy1_rWAtoBVoidbqLvoT1vWG5fmwfT_Ea1yvOVOWGiVwiAx2fO479yV0Ks11txUliI8-3xu01Yl9TIe4575p7XDAOuIrpZ-1ZAdWfSxcuqxGuEIEc5/s1600/DELTA+1.PNG" height="320" width="271" /></a></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Meanwhile,
the story went “viral.” Newspapers across the nation picked up the affair
between the German P.O.W. and the planter’s wife, no doubt to the dismay of Mr.
Rogers. The press spared no details. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
an article in the Kansas City <i>Star</i>, for example, Helmut von der Aue claimed his
undying love for Edith. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Her husband was
seldom at home,” he said, “I fell in love with her and I wanted to marry her. I
still do.” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Edith’s bond was posted by
none other than her husband and she returned to Bolivar County, where she was to
stand trial in Clarksdale in May. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During
her bond hearing, Mrs. Rogers, who was “smartly dressed except for her bare
legs,” refused to have her photo taken and did not speak. The only sound she made during the hearing was
an audible laugh when asked “Have you talked to your husband yet?” </span><br />
</div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihO22M_vPzHZ-Z6AxzlBxogHeapF5tevqCGCQB-NCeQ768nckxsNp-03lloUHl5578lj91CFsrnnHvLs2QqOjYpeJLtjSPLuZuqjxhM_LdR5TXgbMBj0pm8-lh7apnQAa6ATjKHVlzKVQn/s1600/Delta+11.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihO22M_vPzHZ-Z6AxzlBxogHeapF5tevqCGCQB-NCeQ768nckxsNp-03lloUHl5578lj91CFsrnnHvLs2QqOjYpeJLtjSPLuZuqjxhM_LdR5TXgbMBj0pm8-lh7apnQAa6ATjKHVlzKVQn/s1600/Delta+11.PNG" height="200" width="152" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">No
doubt the next few months were a bit uncomfortable at the Rogers household. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By the time of the trial in May, however, Joe
Rogers and his attorney Walter Sillers (<i>right</i>) - who just happened to the Speaker of the
House in Mississippi - had convinced Federal Judge Allen Cox to give her two years’
probation, thus sparing the family any further embarrassment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Helmut von der Aue was sentenced with thirty
days of solitary confinement at Camp McCain. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And thus the matter passed into history. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What ultimately happened to either of the
lovebirds is unknown, but within a short time German prisoners of war were
returned home. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As such, it’s likely that
the handsome von der Aue again found romance in his native land. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As for Mr. and Mrs. Rogers, there is no
indication there was ever a divorce. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
time, perhaps the whole affair was chalked up to “unforeseen circumstances” and
life returned to normal. Given the national exposure the story received,
however, that’s difficult to imagine.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Joe
Rogers died in 1974 and is buried in Cleveland, Mississippi. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Edith Rogers lived until 1991 and is buried
with her family in Tennessee. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><u>PHOTO AND IMAGE SOURCES:</u></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="DA">http://coldvalentine.blogspot.com http://www.pinterest.com http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us </span></span></span><br />
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Jim Woodrickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15917299007746671963noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3408099437107639570.post-33453028141049909802014-07-03T17:06:00.000-05:002014-07-03T17:06:30.463-05:00Baptized in blood at Gettysburg<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="Body" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC_qbqkxTyKvtP7aUUx9osRqlL8NaZLqRd_tzgO5jrjI86XSO1zHtyYMazvKrRPbeUEUIE6WkQUmsryPshDHRA-c3xhEFRzhxnpL3wb-KWR7y0fP8LwvbmCergiT_Z8kmk6xd3VhFQTEd2/s1600/BG1.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC_qbqkxTyKvtP7aUUx9osRqlL8NaZLqRd_tzgO5jrjI86XSO1zHtyYMazvKrRPbeUEUIE6WkQUmsryPshDHRA-c3xhEFRzhxnpL3wb-KWR7y0fP8LwvbmCergiT_Z8kmk6xd3VhFQTEd2/s1600/BG1.PNG" height="232" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">As
the sun rose on the Pennsylvania town of Gettysburg on July 3, 1863, the morning
light revealed scenes of almost indescribable horror across the field and farms.
Thousands of bodies, killed in the fighting the previous two days, littered the
ground, turning the otherwise pastoral landscape into a vision of hell. The day
before, many of the dead were killed during Confederate Lt. Gen. James
Longstreet’s attack, which was aimed at turning the Union left flank. Longstreet’s
attack ultimately failed, but the carnage which took place at Gettysburg on
July 2 forever etched names like Devil’s Den, the Peach Orchard and Little Round
Top into American memory. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span><div class="Body" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw2_59oKrzEIGj2SU61CFfdDdEW7Vh1nqoCY-dVBTgaGCxP3iuGSjq8dDyBQm3HkslKfSf71-ncbg1phFUenrFmbhnb3-pLMja8OptQiFaDu05uT05VDo0_XB7FbTvm_AjyD5lu5BRlF8h/s1600/BG2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw2_59oKrzEIGj2SU61CFfdDdEW7Vh1nqoCY-dVBTgaGCxP3iuGSjq8dDyBQm3HkslKfSf71-ncbg1phFUenrFmbhnb3-pLMja8OptQiFaDu05uT05VDo0_XB7FbTvm_AjyD5lu5BRlF8h/s1600/BG2.jpg" height="320" width="179" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">One of the bloodiest actions of the
day occurred on a part of the Rose family’s farm known as “The Wheatfield.” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Here, heavy columns of Confederate infantry -
men from Semmes', Kershaw's and George "Tige" Anderson's brigades - </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">hammered the</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Union defenders for much of the day and control of the
field swayed back and forth between the two armies. About 5:30 p.m., Union Brig.
Gen. John Caldwell, whose division had borne the brunt of the attack in the
Wheatfield, looked for help to try and stem the tide and found Col. Jacob B.
Sweitzer’</span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">s brigade, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">which included the 4th Michigan Infantry, Sweitzer
was ordered into the fight against overwhelming odds, which now included Brig.
Gen. William Wofford’s brigade of Georgia troops. Plunging into the fight, the 4th
Michigan was hit from all sides and nearly surrounded by the oncoming
Confederates. The unit’s commander, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 12pt;">Col. Harrison H. Jeffords (<i>left</i>), </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">was
at the head of his troops when he saw the colors of the regiment fall into the
hands of some of the Georgians. Rushing to defend the flag, which had only
recently been presented to the regiment, Jeffords shot the Confederate soldier
holding the flag and then grabbed the colors himself. In the hand-to-hand
fighting which ensued, Jeffords was grievously wounded by a bayonet thrust, a
wound which caused his death early the next morning. Jeffords, who was just
twenty six years old, would be the highest ranking officer in the Civil War to
die from a bayonet wound. His final words were said to have been "Mother,
mother, mother." </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span><div class="Body" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPfI3IZV3MYEL96EpHUpZa8sCIMPlFl9lZNW9nQsYLS6zdd_JmulZVLgBgprFyBtNMpBF43jB30d0Ic-Kffkfs82OZXRlcOEH5GviXkDCNIncm38AgmHOWqSrxxu3L4elNu9f3Ar3ySDBo/s1600/BG6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPfI3IZV3MYEL96EpHUpZa8sCIMPlFl9lZNW9nQsYLS6zdd_JmulZVLgBgprFyBtNMpBF43jB30d0Ic-Kffkfs82OZXRlcOEH5GviXkDCNIncm38AgmHOWqSrxxu3L4elNu9f3Ar3ySDBo/s1600/BG6.jpg" height="200" width="162" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">After fighting all afternoon for
control of the Rose farm, Confederate troops from Maj. Gen. </span>Lafayette McLaws’
division, almost all of them from Georgia and South Carolina, finally took the
Wheatfield for good. The other brigade in the division, Barksdale’s Mississippi
Brigade, composed of the <span style="font-size: 12pt;">18th,
13th, 17th and 21st Mississippi Infantry regiments</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, fought an equally ferocious battle in the nearby Peach
Orchard. The cost of the struggle for the Wheatfield was heavy indeed. On the
afternoon of July 2nd, six Confederate brigades and thirteen Union brigades* were
engaged in the relatively small area. Of the nearly 23,000 Union and
Confederate soldiers who fought in the Wheatfield, nearly a third were counted
as casualties. From the 4th Michigan, that number included the gallant Col.
Jeffords and two other officers who were involved in the melee over the flag.
One, a Lt. Michael Vreeland, was shot twice and then smashed in the skull with
a musket. The other officer (<i>above</i>) was a Second Lieutenant from White Pigeon,
Michigan. Enlisting in 1861, he had already been wounded at both Malvern Hill
and Antietam. At Gettysburg, while fighting alongside his colonel, the 26-year-old
was severely wounded in the chest, arm and in both legs. Unable to move and
then trampled by Confederate troops marching through the field, he was rescued
the next morning by his brother Henry, a corporal in Co. E. Over the next few
months, Henry helped nurse his brother Richard back to health, and in September
the two brothers took a train back home to visit their father.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span><div class="Body" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip_xDY1phQX3dCziWk0EguNIG42yOn5NRPYGP8ZoLQfNSANELUOd6Z7dv5JxlTZQky7LrztC5dhBcxraHVaU3T0TviHlYNSF-zRVPagjLi8ovcwBMvbrQOx2E0yt91RfjtQ7xaDc___Jx6/s1600/BG4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip_xDY1phQX3dCziWk0EguNIG42yOn5NRPYGP8ZoLQfNSANELUOd6Z7dv5JxlTZQky7LrztC5dhBcxraHVaU3T0TviHlYNSF-zRVPagjLi8ovcwBMvbrQOx2E0yt91RfjtQ7xaDc___Jx6/s1600/BG4.jpg" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Like his sons, Richard Watson and
Henry Starke’s father also served in the 4th Michigan Infantry. A native of
England, he was an Anglican priest before coming to the United States in the
1830s, where he eventually accepted a call to serve as pastor of a Baptist
church in Michigan and settled in a village just north of the Indiana state
line called White Pigeon. In 1862, he signed on as the regimental chaplain for
the 4th Michigan, where he ministered to the spiritual and physical needs of
the men. Soon after taking on his role as chaplain, the regiment was heavily
engaged at the battle of Malvern Hill on July 1, 1862. Among the 164 casualties suffered that day was the unit's commander, Col. Dwight Woodbury. The good reverend (<i>left</i>) was with the regiment throughout the next several campaigns, including the battle of Fredericksburg in December 1862. Six months later, on June 8, 1863, </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">he was attacked during a chance encounter with a group of
Confederate guerrillas. On that occasion, he was riding alone from
Fredericksburg to Washington to deliver mail and cash bound for the families
back home from the men in the regiment. When challenged by the Confederates,
who identified themselves as some of John Singleton Mosby's men, the alert
chaplain spurred his horse and somehow managed to escape capture. In the
process, however, he was severely wounded in the wrist and chest and lost a
significant amount of blood. Despite this, he made it back to the Union lines,
where he was cared for by George Gordon Meade's chief surgeon. After recovering
in the hospitals in Washington, he went back home to Michigan, where he no
doubt happily received his two sons during their visit after the fight in the
Wheatfield. Incredibly, all three men returned to active duty in the Union
army. John, the father, served the longest, finally mustering out in 1866. He
died in 1883 after contracting hepatitis during a visit to his son Watson’s
home in New Jersey. Watson lived until 1908, no doubt suffering for many years
from the wounds he received at Gettysburg. At his death, he was laid to rest
beside his father in the Fountain Cemetery in Staten Island. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span><div class="Body" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI0wBToKG15KSXM_QlOTIe6CkMAx1jfDCL5HF13FSeHNfNT4eibNQejt_LMxz2lZAGAvyT89Ktmrhd5eZPAC1TxDpVRJFwkUMHLsf_LcJqgb-VaubdDINZvrv_FwwZuvjeh3NxHyPZmDLP/s1600/BG5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI0wBToKG15KSXM_QlOTIe6CkMAx1jfDCL5HF13FSeHNfNT4eibNQejt_LMxz2lZAGAvyT89Ktmrhd5eZPAC1TxDpVRJFwkUMHLsf_LcJqgb-VaubdDINZvrv_FwwZuvjeh3NxHyPZmDLP/s1600/BG5.jpg" height="200" width="144" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXN9iZh39Q-wvOyHh3bNfKPaq5Wy_ARw2bCXxR6afchB67fVeMIBgvBvUZr9emHyvJcQ0h2kgZn1BBNRDAUU9XA29dK9spplEhdZNMPHsLjo_TMhBDG6Gwt8RtuQOl7xxXmV6laNjfAV0j/s1600/BG7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXN9iZh39Q-wvOyHh3bNfKPaq5Wy_ARw2bCXxR6afchB67fVeMIBgvBvUZr9emHyvJcQ0h2kgZn1BBNRDAUU9XA29dK9spplEhdZNMPHsLjo_TMhBDG6Gwt8RtuQOl7xxXmV6laNjfAV0j/s1600/BG7.jpg" height="200" width="123" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Like his older brother, Henry also had
an illustrious career in the army. Enlisting in </span>September, 1861, he served
throughout the Peninsula Campaign, and fought at Antietam and Fredericksburg,
where he is credited with capturing a Confederate flag. Writing later about the
regiment's experience at Fredericksburg, Henry recalled that "Never in the
history of the Army of the Potomac was there such a pitiless, useless, hopeless
slaughter. Never did men fight better, or die, alas, more fruitlessly than
those thrown against these heights and stone walls, bristling with an hundred
cannon."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Following the battle of
Gettysburg and the months he spent taking care of his wounded brother, Henry
(<i>left</i>) returned to the regiment and was promoted to color sergeant, after which he
fought in the Overland Campaign, including the battles of the Wilderness and
Spotsylvania. When the original unit was disbanded and reorganized, Henry
decided not to reenlist, though both his father and brother did. During his
service with the 4th Michigan, he became the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">de facto</i> regimental historian and in the post-war years was active
in veterans' reunions. In addition to writing accounts of the regiment's
campaigns, he composed and read a lengthy poem (with a total of twenty-nine verses)
during the dedication of the 4th Michigan monument at Gettysburg in June, 1889.
The monument (<i>above right</i>), which includes another bit of his poetry, stands at the location
of Col. Jeffords' valiant attempt to save his unit's flag; as such, the
monument also stands on the site where Henry found and rescued his brother in
the early hours of July 3, 1863. The final few verses of Henry 's poem, which has
the ring of a benediction, is as follows:</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Live honest lives. Let every one</i></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Be faithful 'till his time shall come,</i></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Then heaven will surely "Welcome Home"</i></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Each Noble Son of Gettysburg.</i></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>"God of our sires," within whose hand</i></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The Nations rest, "like grains of sand."</i></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Bless Thou our great and glorious land</i></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Baptized in blood at Gettysburg</i></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNodWnGXlKn5L4AkRyja3wdzNqMWU0BtKD0BWUtogWvsVizsOZIY-ifTZ-7z_HeotIMFppd8OqqPkdxVbO84s0BkueUUQzkafGB4y-6GZEgJmQxwpax1Lxk0Yy4aCHLmMvVXuIy92bcOZN/s1600/BG10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNodWnGXlKn5L4AkRyja3wdzNqMWU0BtKD0BWUtogWvsVizsOZIY-ifTZ-7z_HeotIMFppd8OqqPkdxVbO84s0BkueUUQzkafGB4y-6GZEgJmQxwpax1Lxk0Yy4aCHLmMvVXuIy92bcOZN/s1600/BG10.jpg" height="200" width="170" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">After the war, Henry settled in
Lansing, Michigan and had a prominent career in the fire insurance business. He
died on April 9, 1899 (on the anniversary of Lee's surrender at Appomattox) and
is buried in the Mount Hope Cemetery in Lansing. Along with his father and
brother, Henry was proud of his service to his country and his role in
preserving the Union. He was equally proud of the way the nation had reunited, however,
and spoke eloquently concerning the eternal bond between the blue and the gray.
In that light, Henry might be pleased to know that a descendant of his is still
in the business of reconciliation and is carrying on the legacy of Henry’s
father as a minister. In fact, Henry’s great great grandson, the Rev. Brian R.
Seage (<i>left</i>), will soon become the next Episcopal bishop in Mississippi. To be sure,
John Seage, R. Watson Seage and especially Henry Starke Seage would be proud to
know the nation has indeed healed from the wounds at Gettysburg. </span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span><div class="Body" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt;">
<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7budlT2lbo83edTtt7UFpaKbFyKMrPqmjq7UnljwP29PS8cqnLrizsKlMxozGiLwAYQBEvneZzm3WmLdXjEcnUeuwNhdDmRfTWxIytchOD5-Ig9FKumi0CRHy-_Cne9Wi-17IW60CSg6O/s1600/BG3.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7budlT2lbo83edTtt7UFpaKbFyKMrPqmjq7UnljwP29PS8cqnLrizsKlMxozGiLwAYQBEvneZzm3WmLdXjEcnUeuwNhdDmRfTWxIytchOD5-Ig9FKumi0CRHy-_Cne9Wi-17IW60CSg6O/s1600/BG3.PNG" height="275" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">POSTSCRIPT: Col. Jeffords' struggle
to save his unit's flag in the Wheatfield was depicted by the acclaimed artist
Don Troiani in the print "Saving the Flag." (<i>right</i>) In addition to Col.
Jeffords, Troiani identified just one other Union soldier by name in the image –
that of Lt. Richard Watson Seage. Brian Seage’s father, a World War II veteran,
is named for him.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">* <span style="font-size: x-small;">While the number of regiments
seems heavily weighed toward the Federals, Union regiments were typically smaller
than Confederate regiments.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">PH<span style="font-size: x-small;">OTO AND IMA<span style="font-size: x-small;">GE SOURCES:</span></span> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(1) Battle of Gettysburg: http://www.history.com</span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(2) <span style="font-size: x-small;">Jeffords: http://www.4thmi<span style="font-size: x-small;">chigan.com</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(3) Savi<span style="font-size: x-small;">ng the Flag: http://delawarerivergallery.startlogic.com</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(4) R. Watson Seage: http://www.4th Mich<span style="font-size: x-small;">igan.com</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(5) John Sea<span style="font-size: x-small;">ge:http<span style="font-size: x-small;">://www.findagrave.com</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(6) Henry Seage: http://www.4thmichigan.com</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(7) 4th Michigan monument: http://www.usa-civil<span style="font-size: x-small;">-war.com</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(8) Monument dedication: http://www.4thmichigan.com</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(9) Henry Seage grave: http://www.findagrave.com</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(1<span style="font-size: x-small;">0) Brian R. Seage: http://msbishopsearch.org</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
Jim Woodrickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15917299007746671963noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3408099437107639570.post-20497026783486818102014-06-05T17:24:00.000-05:002014-06-05T17:24:47.464-05:00Remembering Corporal Long: The Poetry of Jonathan Brooks<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Born
in Lexington, Mississippi, Jonathan Brooks graduated from Tougaloo College and
was a dedicated Baptist minister. Although he worked in a variety of jobs, he
had the heart and voice of poet. His only published work, a collection of his
poems, was published after his death. Virtually unknown today, one of Brooks’
poems memorialized an American hero, one whose death occurred on one of World
War II’s most important battlefields.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqglErXRnYzd7aU7BBYvLJbpUVlys4qqv9MuYse2mLu0YmbeGDv7hHCHNxH_7v8rEcdvOlZLIkec0RRbq9QG61d0zQOHFj5j5GYon7xaSfRfdFyhaVGVBo5ddtNZuCPE6ozVipzcuABr4L/s1600/Brooks+5.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqglErXRnYzd7aU7BBYvLJbpUVlys4qqv9MuYse2mLu0YmbeGDv7hHCHNxH_7v8rEcdvOlZLIkec0RRbq9QG61d0zQOHFj5j5GYon7xaSfRfdFyhaVGVBo5ddtNZuCPE6ozVipzcuABr4L/s1600/Brooks+5.PNG" height="151" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jonathan
Henderson Brooks was born in 1904, * the eldest child of sharecroppers. His
mother, from an early age, instilled in him a love for books and regularly read
to him, particularly from the Bible. In his teens, Brooks left Mississippi to
attend high school in Missouri and it was during these years he developed a
passion for poetry. Returning to Mississippi, Brooks graduated from Tougaloo in
1929. While at Tougaloo, he composed the school’s alma mater song, known as the
“Eagle Queen.” Since 1929 was not an especially good year to seek employment
(with the great stock market crash), Brooks was fortunate to find work as an assistant
to the Rev. William T. Holmes, who served as president from 1913 to 1933 and
who ushered Tougaloo College into the modern era as a liberal arts college.
Holmes Hall (<i>above</i>), built in 1926, was named in his honor. Rev. Holmes also
influenced Brooks to become an ordained minister and he was called on
frequently to deliver sermons and commencement addresses. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG98FbOfoiZ2izFJZFoSjd6MGjMcEvg4RnGTd117g79Z0EUvs7utTkQ6AMrbtM4k3XOxkCoDksPLLrtfoSpUG7Fmg0yZM97nRjxnyKc2H-Ffa-r77CAp6fNXnVZb7n1EOOLDC-XDPia7kJ/s1600/Brooks+7.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG98FbOfoiZ2izFJZFoSjd6MGjMcEvg4RnGTd117g79Z0EUvs7utTkQ6AMrbtM4k3XOxkCoDksPLLrtfoSpUG7Fmg0yZM97nRjxnyKc2H-Ffa-r77CAp6fNXnVZb7n1EOOLDC-XDPia7kJ/s1600/Brooks+7.PNG" height="120" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUarbJk-qZ_4WG3NRcDkGqkSCYHrUqJPqtEe8-EQtnoHJSzBWvM_RTcH_m2hc74F779nihLYAtMqLrZ_30j_5u15frle1S3M-IY5qeOt7HasTkGDjQyxTgnwOfVVgaCBPIG7VusOBAgsgc/s1600/Brooks+4.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUarbJk-qZ_4WG3NRcDkGqkSCYHrUqJPqtEe8-EQtnoHJSzBWvM_RTcH_m2hc74F779nihLYAtMqLrZ_30j_5u15frle1S3M-IY5qeOt7HasTkGDjQyxTgnwOfVVgaCBPIG7VusOBAgsgc/s1600/Brooks+4.PNG" height="86" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">After
his years at Tougaloo, Jonathan Brooks moved to Corinth, Mississippi, where his
wife Josie taught at the Scales Street School, a local school for black
students. Built in 1929, the Scales Street School was located near the Corinth
National Cemetery. Brooks, meanwhile, despite his educational background,
worked as a porter at the Waldron Hotel. In 1940, his annual salary at the
hotel was $440. During World War II, Brooks landed a job at the Corinth Post
Office (<i>top right</i>), where he was employed at the time of his death in July 1945.
He was just forty years old. His grave (<i>lower</i> <i>right</i>) is in Corinth’s Forest Hill
Cemetery. As an aside, another Mississippi author, a certain William Faulkner,
also worked in a post office. From 1921 to 1924, Faulkner was the postmaster at
the University of Mississippi, where he spent much of his time tossing mail in
the trash, reading magazines and playing cards (when not playing golf). When a
postal inspector showed up, Faulkner resigned from what he considered a
miserable job and reportedly wrote the following resignation letter: “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">As long as I live under the capitalistic
system, I expect to have my life influenced by the demands of moneyed people.
But I will be damned if I propose to be at the beck and call of every itinerant
scoundrel who has two cents to invest in a postage stamp. This, sir, is my
resignation.”</i> Despite Faulkner’s brief and disastrous stint as a
postmaster, the U.S. Postal Service awarded him with a commemorative stamp in
1987.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVb8sP9MRUM8rwiJPI-OSHCk7BZQO8jkOxyG2jBS0mueFgANc8leRU0qeYA-GHySERrHGqH8Qn85HO5b9n4AAhqHXiPV1Dp3cx7Isf9XbCrZZ9t2LQ7gP3O2pdgOo1Dnb1Hg8eAsEfAo45/s1600/Brooks+3.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVb8sP9MRUM8rwiJPI-OSHCk7BZQO8jkOxyG2jBS0mueFgANc8leRU0qeYA-GHySERrHGqH8Qn85HO5b9n4AAhqHXiPV1Dp3cx7Isf9XbCrZZ9t2LQ7gP3O2pdgOo1Dnb1Hg8eAsEfAo45/s1600/Brooks+3.PNG" height="320" width="228" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Three
years after Jonathan Brooks’ death in 1945, a book of his poems was published
in a small volume entitled <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Resurrection
and Other Poems</i>. The book, composed largely of poems with religious
imagery, was published by another Mississippi poet named Henry Dalton, who was
white. Dalton, who was born near Rienzi, attended college at Union University
in Jackson, Tennessee, as well as the University of Alabama and the University
of Virginia. In 1939, he also began working at the Corinth Post Office, where
he retired in 1969. Thus, Henry Dalton’s association with Brooks was both as a
co-worker and a fellow poet. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Resurrection
and Other Poems</i> received high praise from one of America’s greatest African
American writers and a contemporary of Brooks, Langston Hughes. Of Brooks,
Hughes wrote that had he lived, he “would have been one of our major poets.” Hodding
Carter, a fellow Mississippian, also praised Brooks’ poetry. Brooks, he wrote, “sings
with a gentle mysticism and poignant imagery of an unbounded world, a world of
faith that can ‘measure great Gibraltar by a butterfly.’” Today, the little
book is a rare find. At the time of this writing, a copy of the 55-page volume
was available from a book dealer for $1,250.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxpre5_5N4mlMd6ZhoTdFlrGW7P8w8DIa09MzuHmrP_XXTMkV1cmZEdc1pMS4Z50gzfSJbG5tMfDonOaUI8KzGqHuNvAG5yVCW9J9BQ4DE5ZJhO2NpQOLXJwx1IbKottkpWKZkaeVgGiTJ/s1600/Brooks+8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxpre5_5N4mlMd6ZhoTdFlrGW7P8w8DIa09MzuHmrP_XXTMkV1cmZEdc1pMS4Z50gzfSJbG5tMfDonOaUI8KzGqHuNvAG5yVCW9J9BQ4DE5ZJhO2NpQOLXJwx1IbKottkpWKZkaeVgGiTJ/s1600/Brooks+8.jpg" height="200" width="159" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Among
the poems contained in the collection of Brooks’ work was a poem entitled “She
Said.” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The poem, about a mother who
receives the tragic news that her son has been killed in battle, was cited by
Langston Hughes (<i>right</i>) as “the most beautiful poem I know that came out of World War
II in the English language.” Brooks wrote the poem about a real soldier, a fellow
Mississippian named James Arthur Long. Long was born in 1923 and lived in
Corinth when the war began. During World War II, Corporal Long served with the
4090th</span> Quartermaster Service Company and on June 6, 1944, was part
of the Allied landing at Normandy, where he was mortally wounded. Long died on
June 10. Brooks’ poem is as follows</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(Remembering
Corporal Arthur Long, Negro, the first soldier<br />
from Alcorn County, Mississippi, reported killed in<br />
action in the invasion of Normandy.)<br />
<br />
She said, "Not only music; brave men marching<br />
Under the stripes and stars and sun's shining:<br />
War is sudden news. Your son was killed<br />
The tenth of June in France. Letter follows.<br />
<br />
"Oh, he was bold to hasten peace," she said.<br />
"And he was brave. And he desired tomorrow.<br />
He was too young to be compelled from sunlight,<br />
And moonlight; from the light of stars forever."<br />
<br />
She would ask questions, morbid on her mind:<br />
The fatal bullet found him; did he scream?<br />
Lie on the beach and call unhurrying death?<br />
Lord, was he waiting long? How long he fought<br />
In France, four days or one? Who saw him fall?<br />
Cared that he fell in sunshine, lay in rain,<br />
Or perished in the night? And what star cared<br />
Above his battleground in Normandy?<br />
<br />
"Now I know why Mary of Galilee,<br />
One morning, rose and went into the Garden.<br />
And I know why she tarried and was sad.<br />
Mary, it is the same with me," she said.</span></i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF4rhocc_2KBu2nfjRA1sVBVwFEA4kxnZv128mRDAIetY7EXEQZ2boUav9UIbtmKhARsEzzoMnoSDmcptFhoYLPwuYIs9WpSXXknOPK_Ft4MmKUD8HuKUG75qURVtPlUo_tt_2D8L2OzhE/s1600/Normandy.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF4rhocc_2KBu2nfjRA1sVBVwFEA4kxnZv128mRDAIetY7EXEQZ2boUav9UIbtmKhARsEzzoMnoSDmcptFhoYLPwuYIs9WpSXXknOPK_Ft4MmKUD8HuKUG75qURVtPlUo_tt_2D8L2OzhE/s1600/Normandy.png" height="132" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Considering both Jonathan Brooks and Henry Dalton
worked in the Corinth Post Office, it is entirely possible that the poem Brooks
wrote was based on the actual letter informing Arthur Long’s mother of her son’s
death and perhaps her real-life thoughts. His mother, Delia Long, died in 1981
at the age of 99. Corporal Arthur Long, who lost his life at age twenty one,
now rests with thousands of other heroes in the American Cemetery (<i>right</i>) in </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Colleville-sur-Mer,
France. This June 6 is the 70th anniversary of the D-Day Invasion,
where so many brave men lost their lives on the beaches of France in the sacred
cause of freedom. Like many thousands of soldiers, Brooks’ grave is marked by a
simple white cross. Unlike most, however, Corporal Brooks also has a poem
dedicated to his memory. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">*
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Most sources indicate that Brooks was born in 1905, but his tombstone has a
1904 date.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Photo
and Image Sources</span></u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">:</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(1)
Holmes Hall: http://hcap.artstor.org</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(2)
Corinth P.O.: http://www.amazon.com/Post-Office-Corinth-postcard-1940s</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(3)
Brooks grave: www.findagrave.com</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(4)
Book: http://www.abebooks.com</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(5)
American Cemetery, Normandy: http://www.abmc.gov </span></span></div>
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<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiISftsU5evziJIKzL8x53MbQbxNbGAixewHep8-WnGktIhbjNlW_Sc4Jhabf6z5xDiD02l9Ol329klH2QNr_xjXpEH1OcpdxWDC-7JqVRXiIuIOYta9EiUnM82rGG5v4RlfSPoRD-5pCFC/s1600/Simka14.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiISftsU5evziJIKzL8x53MbQbxNbGAixewHep8-WnGktIhbjNlW_Sc4Jhabf6z5xDiD02l9Ol329klH2QNr_xjXpEH1OcpdxWDC-7JqVRXiIuIOYta9EiUnM82rGG5v4RlfSPoRD-5pCFC/s1600/Simka14.PNG" height="136" width="200" /></a></div>
On June 21, 1911, the ocean liner <i>Olympic</i>, a sister ship of the <i>Titanic</i>,
completed her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York. The <i> Olympic</i>’s
captain that day was Edward Smith, who would lose his life the next year at the
helm of the <i>Titanic</i>. Unlike her sister ships in the White Star line, <i>Olympic</i>
had a career which lasted until 1935, when larger and more luxurious ocean
liners finally rendered her obsolete. After service as a troop ship in World
War I, the <i>Olympic</i> (<i>left</i>) was again a popular cruise ship in the 1920s, attracting
such celebrities as Charlie Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks and Prince Edward. One
of the attractions of steaming on the <i>Olympic</i>, apparently, was the
ship’s similarity to the <i>Titanic</i>, making an <i>Olympic</i> voyage a way
of experiencing in some way the <i>Titanic</i> disaster (without actually
sinking, of course). Not all passengers were among the rich and famous. The <i>Olympic</i>
also carried thousands of immigrants to the land of opportunity. One such
immigrant was Simka Simkhovitch, who arrived in New York on February 27,
1924.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> At 31 years old, </span>Simkhovitz was already an
accomplished artist by the time he landed in New York. Within a few years after
arriving in America, he established a solid reputation as a painter and was
awarded numerous commissions.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgylHWTDdPUh7mVTfYXC2zGkxRmHZ735p6r3eqj6QEHnbaUjowlwvAz2FWq09mIzOz8my-FGL6j9Iru73r-FsyupEVC7aQKwdln5zvbzTqbrnpn7sB713jLmB-X4gaEDmhVCrpIhf0TToSd/s1600/Simka6.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgylHWTDdPUh7mVTfYXC2zGkxRmHZ735p6r3eqj6QEHnbaUjowlwvAz2FWq09mIzOz8my-FGL6j9Iru73r-FsyupEVC7aQKwdln5zvbzTqbrnpn7sB713jLmB-X4gaEDmhVCrpIhf0TToSd/s1600/Simka6.PNG" height="200" width="171" /></a>The son a Jewish department store owner, Simka Faibusovich Simkhovitch was
born in Russia in 1893.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When he was
seven years old, he developed a severe case of measles and spent a year
confined to his bed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To pass the time,
he made sketches of an old mill he could see from his bedroom window.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From this, he began to develop as an artist.
At age fifteen, he went to the Odessa Art School and then to the Royal Academy
at St. Petersburg, where at age twenty he was selected to teach drawing and painting
at the academy. Simkhovitch, like many others, was swept up in the chaos of the
Russian Revolution in 1917. Unlike many artists and intellectuals, however, he
survived and continued his work as an artist under the new Soviet government,
even receiving an award for a painting he did on a theme of the revolution. In
1924, Simkhovitch was sent to the United States to do research for illustrations
in Soviet textbooks; almost immediately upon arrival in New York, Simkhovitch
decided to stay and filled out the paperwork to become a U.S. citizen. In an
interview for <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">LIFE</i> magazine in 1941,
he cited an increasingly intolerant Soviet regime as the reason for his
defection.*<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEHBrqGrAlpUhzTifoALkK7N_Ofum1iZvfzvjstfHOjHqUaUZfIarjTJMSBO1v4N6vd4S88R7D45ffOrsbe_HU-WmbyPIes8bqpqnYfYzI5DcvCcW4e3yQZzcm-V4eDrg30eByv6N-5CEH/s1600/Simka3.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEHBrqGrAlpUhzTifoALkK7N_Ofum1iZvfzvjstfHOjHqUaUZfIarjTJMSBO1v4N6vd4S88R7D45ffOrsbe_HU-WmbyPIes8bqpqnYfYzI5DcvCcW4e3yQZzcm-V4eDrg30eByv6N-5CEH/s1600/Simka3.PNG" height="176" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxx2xygRfLkjG8PGXXR26_KPdcQLpZJZ3PMqCFQuykNDAM0JnmDBJunQ5zUYa6MuAwK2Ncd7DuY3rynN-HdUCxvRdNWkoAYjsKnTr1Qrd5hfg_IPK7uGNeozytrLm_1wHSo6FWdAUClrUT/s1600/Simka4.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxx2xygRfLkjG8PGXXR26_KPdcQLpZJZ3PMqCFQuykNDAM0JnmDBJunQ5zUYa6MuAwK2Ncd7DuY3rynN-HdUCxvRdNWkoAYjsKnTr1Qrd5hfg_IPK7uGNeozytrLm_1wHSo6FWdAUClrUT/s1600/Simka4.PNG" height="171" width="200" /></a>When Simkhovitch arrived in New York, he could barely speak English, but
soon landed a job as an<span id="goog_256592133"></span><span id="goog_256592134"></span> illustrator for screenwriter Ernest Pascal, who wrote
the screenplay for "The Hound of the Baskervilles" (starring Basil Rathbone),
among other films. Pascal would later serve as president of the Screen Writers
Guild. Impressed with Simkhovitch's work, Pascal introduced him to a gallery
owner in New York City, who purchased and exhibited two of his paintings in
1927. He was an immediate sensation and commissions quickly followed.
Simkhovitch's paintings, although utilizing the skills learned in Russia, were
typically lighter when illustrating American themes. "My painting has
become brighter in <br />
the use of colors," the artist explained, "more
cheerful in subject matter, and lighter in execution…To my students I emphasize
the American scene as it presents itself in daily life.” In the 1930s, Simkhovitch
moved to Connecticut with his wife Elsa (who was a model) and their three
daughters. He established his studio in
his home (<i>above left</i>) and continued to produce works by commission throughout the Great
Depression. In 1936, Simka Simkhovitch was selected to paint a mural in an
unlikely locale for a Russian Jewish immigrant: Jackson, Mississippi.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoam70izbsFN5s5eLzvhE1VMU8MuvsE4Y0VJxP8cvfNC4lJJ8hfqVctYroTXoamZkzJoW_UiSDK8JYJuvdWRKhmyqfhQ29j7pC26E2U9vcei6CJU07o7sQaoEo6QsPeLYRViWv_EU14sDv/s1600/Simka+10.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoam70izbsFN5s5eLzvhE1VMU8MuvsE4Y0VJxP8cvfNC4lJJ8hfqVctYroTXoamZkzJoW_UiSDK8JYJuvdWRKhmyqfhQ29j7pC26E2U9vcei6CJU07o7sQaoEo6QsPeLYRViWv_EU14sDv/s1600/Simka+10.PNG" height="155" width="320" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSrEsKt5cIBS_NCQYKccInp6mgPxbsKTG6PSJgVLSMrZyG7Nh-QVdlqe0U0i73wRVKEE0LOWze6wC8uxgJlhu4N35ZiczZO7Sdi2DURvDBWztzFqLm0U2cRkOZA_fJlEoJJwUWjAvgImzN/s1600/Simka+11.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSrEsKt5cIBS_NCQYKccInp6mgPxbsKTG6PSJgVLSMrZyG7Nh-QVdlqe0U0i73wRVKEE0LOWze6wC8uxgJlhu4N35ZiczZO7Sdi2DURvDBWztzFqLm0U2cRkOZA_fJlEoJJwUWjAvgImzN/s1600/Simka+11.PNG" height="130" width="200" /></a>Simka Simkhovitch was selected by the Procurement Division of the Treasury
Department, a government entity similar to the Works Projects Administration,
to paint a mural for the new Federal post office and courthouse in Jackson,
built in 1933. The mural, to be located behind the judge's bench, was meant to
depict typical scenes of Mississippi life. Among those competing for the
commission was the celebrated and eccentric Mississippi artist Walter Anderson. When Anderson failed in his bid to secure the commission, he spiraled into fits
of depression and spent the next few years in and out of mental institutions,
including the Mississippi State Hospital at Whitfield. Simkhovitch was awarded
the contract for the mural in November, 1936, and it was installed in January,
1938. At the time, the artist described the mural as "a representation of
the typical people and life in Mississippi." For Simkhovitch, who had
little, if any, experience in the South, depicting life in Mississippi must
have been a challenge. What he produced was artistically pleasing but has in
recent years been interpreted as racially insensitive and inappropriate. Titled
"Pursuits of Life in Mississippi," the mural depicts black workers
engaged in manual labor, including picking cotton, and playing a banjo, while
whites are depicted in more professional and socially dominant roles. Within
the context of the period and considering the artist’s limited exposure to
Mississippi, however, the mural may well be an accurate depiction of
Simkhovitch’s view of the state. Regardless, in modern times, the mural was
covered by a curtain to hide the offending scenes. The 1933 courthouse has
since been replaced by a modern Federal courthouse and the original building (<i>above</i>) is
slated for rehabilitation.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwkctvakOHKID3Xof4NGD-L2v9UlJwUUETJbPnBw2B_y-dwWdEx5-5Vr5xNMsDk67TYWHsuxp_Qory4nmc_L2NPzO5KrIg6t0kKSbCiQS-3Q461j6QMLnucXi9SkXxz2r6GSSXVF6MA1Qt/s1600/Simka12.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwkctvakOHKID3Xof4NGD-L2v9UlJwUUETJbPnBw2B_y-dwWdEx5-5Vr5xNMsDk67TYWHsuxp_Qory4nmc_L2NPzO5KrIg6t0kKSbCiQS-3Q461j6QMLnucXi9SkXxz2r6GSSXVF6MA1Qt/s1600/Simka12.PNG" height="100" width="320" /></a></div>
The following year, Simkhovitch won another commission in the South, this
time for a Post Office <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mural in Beaufort, North Carolina. After selection by
the Public Buildings Administration, Simkhovitch spent a few days in Beaufort
and then returned to Connecticut to paint the four panels, for which he was
paid $1,900. The main panel depicts a tragic incident in 1886 involving the
schooner </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Crissie Wright</i>. During a
winter storm, the boat was driven onto the shoals off the coast of Beaufort.
With the storm unleashing its fury, it was impossible to send a rescue party until
the next day, when the rescuers found four of the six crewmen frozen to death.
The two survivors died after being brought to shore. Today, some “old-timers”
in Beaufort still refer to extremely cold and windy days as a "<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Crissie Wright</i> day." The Cape
Lookout lighthouse, built in 1859 and now part of the National Park Service, is
depicted on another of the panels. <br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnSQnROyzXvVEOWJ_FxUrVSY1ODoRQ7D7DMZ7KNu3S2H3GWHIPd1mEKXDEY1ncch5OPmnMlOL0epcpNqJsA5NpC5upTFRVUEW6D-mLfHWet79hhIansK0drw9P8dS3djqtFrY_-RbU31Fn/s1600/Simka9.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnSQnROyzXvVEOWJ_FxUrVSY1ODoRQ7D7DMZ7KNu3S2H3GWHIPd1mEKXDEY1ncch5OPmnMlOL0epcpNqJsA5NpC5upTFRVUEW6D-mLfHWet79hhIansK0drw9P8dS3djqtFrY_-RbU31Fn/s1600/Simka9.PNG" height="200" width="167" /></a>In February, 1949, Simkhovitch purchased a home in Milford, Connecticut. The
property included a barn which was to serve as the artist’s studio. In an
interview, Simkhovitch remarked that the Connecticut countryside reminded him
of his native Russia. Tragically, he never had the opportunity to enjoy his new
home. While in the process of moving, Simka Simkhovitch developed pneumonia and
died two weeks later on February 25, 1949. He was 56 years old. Since his death, Simkhovitch’s work has continued to be appreciated by art
collectors and his paintings are included in numerous museums, including the
National Museum in Krakow, Poland, and the Whitney Museum in New York. Elsa
Simkhovitch (seen here in a portrait by her husband) remained in the family’s
Milford, Connecticut residence until her death in 1966. A daughter, Sonja Simkhovitch
Carroll, promoted her father’s artistic legacy throughout her life. She died in
June 2013.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
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* The December 1941 Life magazine issue also included the magazine’s first photographs
from the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor. <br />
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<br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><u>PHOTO AND IMAGE SOURCES</u>:</span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(1) RMS <i>Olympic</i>: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Olympic</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(2) Simkhovitch: http://books.google.com (December 29, 1941 LIFE Magazine)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(3) Studio: http://books.google.com (December 29, 1941 LIFE Magazine)</span> <br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(4) "The Picinic": http://americangallery.wordpress.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(5) Jackson mural: https://www.flickr.com/groups/pomurals/pool/with/8068935176/lightbox</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(6) Eastland Courthouse: http://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(7) Beaufort mural: http://beaufortartist.blogspot.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(8) Elsa Simkhovitch: http://americangallery.wordpress.com</span><br />
<br />
Jim Woodrickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15917299007746671963noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3408099437107639570.post-40471340794929780832014-05-01T15:56:00.001-05:002014-05-01T15:56:43.979-05:00"A most unfortunate collision": The Sinking of the Steamboat Horizon<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdKyv51cFMCOfyTxc4VGYxLnHh15fCtAnno0RISyZHaGOZkcSaA2CO1vLnhLT7JBKQsGfJ3xV6LjTYEUCTZo00PhoZWd3iqYHjotaNd050QZCQ5of21j_PFR02bgmEz7oBMtxtnPPAK2Ir/s1600/HORIZON11.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdKyv51cFMCOfyTxc4VGYxLnHh15fCtAnno0RISyZHaGOZkcSaA2CO1vLnhLT7JBKQsGfJ3xV6LjTYEUCTZo00PhoZWd3iqYHjotaNd050QZCQ5of21j_PFR02bgmEz7oBMtxtnPPAK2Ir/s1600/HORIZON11.PNG" height="200" width="170" /></a></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 5pt 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">On the night of April
30-May 1, 1863, Union Major General Ulysses S. Grant began moving his army
across the Mississippi River at a place called Bruinsburg, located between
Rodney and Grand Gulf. Grant had been stymied in his effort thus far to cross
the river onto Mississippi soil. The most recent effort to effect a landing had
been at Grand Gulf. Unfortunately for the Union navy, there were Confederate
batteries posted at Grand Gulf which could not be silenced by Admiral David
Dixon Porter’s “city class” ironclads and Grant was forced to look further
south for a suitable landing. He found one at Bruinsburg, where a black
informant reported that there were good roads and no Confederates. Grant’s Army
of the Tennessee began crossing in the early hours of April 30 and by that afternoon
had more than 20,000 men ashore. </span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 5pt 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span></span><div class="Body" style="margin: 5pt 0in;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF7wJFhBjHjgYxiScwt9tJDa5ucY3PZBWUz6z5EiSqCvYEWUSuOtaLJIebUnIpbLDjwODywsjC60BcT0aSitq7qvwF07S6BFzuL36WZtg7gWQq2H37s0yZKbdi9v9EcL_UGrbl_o9K_7Ol/s1600/HORIZON12.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF7wJFhBjHjgYxiScwt9tJDa5ucY3PZBWUz6z5EiSqCvYEWUSuOtaLJIebUnIpbLDjwODywsjC60BcT0aSitq7qvwF07S6BFzuL36WZtg7gWQq2H37s0yZKbdi9v9EcL_UGrbl_o9K_7Ol/s1600/HORIZON12.PNG" height="200" width="157" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">By May 7, with the addition
of Sherman's XV Corps, Grant would have approximately 33,000 troops available
for the final phase of the campaign to capture fortress Vicksburg. With the
successful amphibious landing at Bruinsburg, Grant felt a great sense of
relief. "I was now in the enemy's country," he wrote in his post-war
memoirs, "with a vast river and the stronghold of Vicksburg between me and
my base of supplies. But I was on dry ground on the same side of the River with
the enemy. All of the campaigns, labors, hardships and exposures from the month
of December previous to this time that had been made and endured, were for the
accomplishment of this one object." The amphibious operation conducted by
Porter and Grant, the largest by any American force until the November 1942
landings in North Africa during WWII, had been a complete success. Almost.</span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 5pt 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span></span><div class="Body" style="margin: 5pt 0in;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2BUyhQhNP6E68FQq4sFXQGGOua1vdpYhx1aJovCChkzLS0X2-sLwUzcB7soXltuSQCPjr_k85ivvf0pI17ZYEI03wu5RbveHc2fY-WiJsDLNzbU6YmuJHm5cM0Xu2e0n6WnoNtGf-pjFg/s1600/HORIZON13.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2BUyhQhNP6E68FQq4sFXQGGOua1vdpYhx1aJovCChkzLS0X2-sLwUzcB7soXltuSQCPjr_k85ivvf0pI17ZYEI03wu5RbveHc2fY-WiJsDLNzbU6YmuJHm5cM0Xu2e0n6WnoNtGf-pjFg/s1600/HORIZON13.PNG" height="213" width="320" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">With any complicated
military operation, some mix-up or accident is likely to occur. And so it was
on May 1, 1863, when two steamboats, the <i>Horizon</i> and the <i>Moderator</i>,
collided. Both were involved in ferrying troops and equipment to the shore and
were running without lights on a moonless night to avoid detection. Originally
named the <i>John C. Fremont</i>, the <i>Horizon</i> was built in 1854 for
Capt. Jackman T. Stockdale of Georgetown, Pennsylvania, who owned a number of
commercial steamboats. In 1861, the <i>Horizon</i>
entered military service under contract with the Union army and was at
Pittsburg Landing during the battle of Shiloh before moving to the Cumberland
River to help with sick and wounded soldiers. On April 22, 1863, the <i>Horizon,
Moderator</i> and four other steamboats were selected to run past Vicksburg's
batteries. Just six days earlier, Admiral Porter’s river fleet managed the same
feat with the loss of just one transport. Unlike the first attempt, however,
none of the steamboats were armed and the boats’ crews were soldiers and not
naval personnel (as this was an army operation). The result was decidedly less
successful. This time, the <i>Tigress</i> was sunk by Confederate cannoneers,
while the <i>Empire City</i> was completely disabled and the <i>Moderator</i>
was badly damaged. Only the <i>J.W. Cheesman</i>, <i>Anglo-Saxon</i> and <i>Horizon</i>
escaped without serious damage. Still, most of the steamboats made it below
Vicksburg with much-needed supplies for Grant’s army and, more importantly,
were available to help move the army across the river. </span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 5pt 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">At about 3:00 a.m. on May 1, the <i>Horizon</i> was en route toward the east
bank of the Mississippi when she collided with the <i>Moderator</i>. Like the <i>Horizon</i>,
the <i>Moderator</i> had been built as a
commercial steamboat but was now under contract to the Union army. After use on
the Ohio River as a supply vessel in 1862, she was purchased by Capt. O.C.
Williamson and participated in operations on the Mississippi. Both Williamson
and Richard Calhoon, who was likely the pilot for the <i>Horizon</i>, were experienced pilots. However, the <i>Moderator</i> was still damaged from the action on April 22 and was
very difficult to manage, especially without lights. On board the <i>Horizon</i> were the men, guns and horses of
Battery G, 2nd Illinois Light Artillery, commanded by Captain Frederick
Sparrestrom. Also known as Stolbrand's Battery, the unit included a number of
men of Swedish origin. Although the <i>Moderator</i>
was already a wounded vessel, it was the <i>Horizon</i>
which sank in the collision.<b> *</b> As a result, virtually all of the battery's guns
and equipment were lost, including all but thirteen horses and six mules. More
importantly, two privates, Francis Linderbeck and Nicholas Carlson - both
Swedish immigrants - drowned in the black, swirling waters of the Mississippi.
Linderbeck, from Chicago, had enlisted with the unit in August, 1861. Carlson was
a later recruit, joining the battery on New Year's Day in 1862. According to
Samuel J. Churchill, who would be awarded a Medal of Honor for action at
Nashville in 1864, the loss of life could have been much greater. "We had a very narrow escape from being
drowned," he wrote. "We lost all our guns, nearly all of our horses
(except what broke away and swam out); but all our battery was saved except two
men, who were in the stern of the boat with the horses and could not get
out." Churchill, seen here (<i>above</i> <i>left</i>) in a postwar photograph, died in 1932. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj0ahaAXyvFpstZSh10NCXUVlLQl3PutESpfVl7ubjZRqWGKKS47m6p-gUFdIZ1rkjOC3_7KLsR2t-RRua8ypLj3alP0wdK9d4UaCLrSdRUKGIXnKvK5xFTOkO2y8xfftpgpsZeMIOn9t3/s1600/Webster.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj0ahaAXyvFpstZSh10NCXUVlLQl3PutESpfVl7ubjZRqWGKKS47m6p-gUFdIZ1rkjOC3_7KLsR2t-RRua8ypLj3alP0wdK9d4UaCLrSdRUKGIXnKvK5xFTOkO2y8xfftpgpsZeMIOn9t3/s1600/Webster.PNG" height="200" width="141" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Another
member of the battery, Sgt. Edward Webster, managed to save the captain’s horse
(named “Sam”) and a couple of other horses and mules, but lamented that the men
lost everything else. “Men <span>had
knapsacks with blankets & overcoats strapped to gun carriages & wagons
so they saved only what they had on at the time,” he wrote. “I called roll from
memory – an anxious roll call.” Sgt. Webster, a schoolteacher from Belvidere,
Illinois, before the war, also reported that the survivors found themselves on
a “low wet piece of ground, with a wide strong current between us and the
levee.” Despite the danger, Webster bravely swam to shore to report the
disaster to headquarters on the Louisiana side of the river. There, he managed
to secure a wagon loaded with “chickens, pigs, beef, preserves, &c, &c.”
to relieve the suffering of his men. The same day, firing could be heard from
the opposite shore, signaling the battle of Port Gibson. The soldiers of
Battery G remained stranded on the little island in the Mississippi River for
another day before being rescued. Sgt. Edward Webster (<i>right</i>), a native of Ohio, was
promoted to 1st Lieutenant in March 1864 before being transferred to
the 4th U.S. Colored Heavy Artillery. He died in 1918 and is buried at
Arlington Cemetery. </span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib9wakEOHVBuCS5lYyo2v5xnTak1e8te5llDIAYIIspDesbs6xB-0CaH8_QC3lp35b2id9DRWrqq_3j8QdX0M7publh68az38d6Rb1MT-eiIz3hl1JvCdiL_-_Gvs47uHrA3r2HYAlBJT2/s1600/Horizon4.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib9wakEOHVBuCS5lYyo2v5xnTak1e8te5llDIAYIIspDesbs6xB-0CaH8_QC3lp35b2id9DRWrqq_3j8QdX0M7publh68az38d6Rb1MT-eiIz3hl1JvCdiL_-_Gvs47uHrA3r2HYAlBJT2/s1600/Horizon4.PNG" height="200" width="150" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Aside from the loss of men and horses, the wreck messed
up the timetable for the river crossing. Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson,
commanding the XVII Corps, of which Battery G was a part, called the steamboat
accident "a most unfortunate collision" which "delayed very
materially the embarkation of the Second Brigade and the remainder of the
artillery of the Third Division." Indeed, Logan's division was delayed in
getting across the river because of the collision. For Battery G, the delay
would be much longer: because all of their equipment, including knapsacks,
tents and, of course, their guns and caissons had been lost, the men had to go
all the way back to Memphis by a circuitous route to be refitted and given new
equipment, a move which did not begin until May 13, when they departed from
Milliken’s Bend aboard another steamboat. They would not return to Mississippi
until a few days before the end of the Vicksburg siege. Despite not
participating in the siege for more than a couple of days, there is a monument
to the battery detailing the sinking of the <i>Horizon</i>
and the loss of the two men. The monument is located just outside the Vicksburg
National Military Park along the old Jackson Road east of the monument to Gen.
John Logan. Captain Sparrestrom, meanwhile, was reassigned and served with
another artillery battery from Illinois throughout the siege. </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6gRYtilqi-j7NTvIIxp14J0ZhtQ54Nm594ArGdaiWK2USm5aKfOq5Xwkk6VftUhfP2nnUNwQv5c8P1gQ9QtKa5JnQnqXjINKWcncouT7KshyT2G8Itu_L0rlEEDwL1NXncCaVA95th3IX/s1600/HORIZON16.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6gRYtilqi-j7NTvIIxp14J0ZhtQ54Nm594ArGdaiWK2USm5aKfOq5Xwkk6VftUhfP2nnUNwQv5c8P1gQ9QtKa5JnQnqXjINKWcncouT7KshyT2G8Itu_L0rlEEDwL1NXncCaVA95th3IX/s1600/HORIZON16.jpg" height="200" width="127" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In late May, Lt. Commander Elias K. Owen, who would lead
an amphibious expedition up the Yazoo River in February 1864, was given the
task of recovering what he could from the wreck of the <i>Horizon</i>. According to Owen (<i>right</i>), Confederate guerrillas had already
raided the vessel and had removed flour, saddles and other items. On May 27,
Owen wrote from aboard the USS <i>Louisville</i>
that he had only succeeded in recovering three gun carriages due to "the
stench arising from 60 dead horses and men [which] made my officers and men
sick." To attempt another recovery, Owen reported that the post commander
at Grand a Gulf would "send some negroes down with me" to cut away
the roof of the <i>Horizon</i> and allow the
dead bodies to drift out and allow fresh water in, thus allowing divers to
secure, if possible, the unit's artillery pieces. Interestingly, the divers
used in the recovery operation were also black. On June 5, Owen reported that
after the roof had been burned off, the boat had shifted and that he was
"led to believe the guns slipped off the deck." After using probes,
all that was found were the dead horses and caissons. The bodies of privates
Linderbeck and Carlson were recovered, however, and buried in the vicinity.
Presumably, the battery’s four 6-pound James Rifles were never located and the
burial places of the two soldiers are unknown.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The sinking of the <i>Horizon</i>
on May 1, 1863, is just a footnote in the much larger story of the Vicksburg
Campaign, but it was certainly a significant event in the history of Battery G,
2nd Illinois Light Artillery. It was also a tragic day for the families of
Nicholas Carlson and Francis Linderbeck, two young immigrants who lost their
lives in the service of their adopted country. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">For more information on the
history of Battery G, 2nd Illinois Light Artillery, please visit http://www.batteryg.org/batteryg/history/BattGhom.html</span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>*</b> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">The <i>Moderator</i> was repaired and continued in service until January 1864
when she was lost in the iced-over waters of the Mississippi at St. Louis.The owners of the <i>Horizon</i>, meanwhile, sought payment from the U.S. government after the war for the loss of the steamboat but apparently never received any compensation.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><u>PHOTO AND IMAGE SOURCES</u></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><div class="Body" style="margin: 5pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(1) Map: http://www.loc.gov</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><div class="Body" style="margin: 5pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(2) Grant:
http://www.civilwar-online.com </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><div class="Body" style="margin: 5pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(3) Steamboats at Pittsburg
Landing: http://patrickgwhalen.com </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><div class="Body" style="margin: 5pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(4) Churchill:
http://www.findagrave.com</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><div class="Body" style="margin: 5pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(<span style="font-size: x-small;">5</span>) Webster:
http://www.ebay.com</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 5pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(<span style="font-size: x-small;">6</span>) Monument: http://www.nps.gov</span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 5pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(<span style="font-size: x-small;">7</span>) Owen: http://www.nps.gov</span></span></div>
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Jim Woodrickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15917299007746671963noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3408099437107639570.post-59321930022235721372014-04-26T13:39:00.001-05:002014-04-26T13:39:53.045-05:00Presbyterians in the Piney Woods: The Legacy of Montrose, Mississippi <div class="MsoBodyText2">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">South of Newton, Mississippi, is the small town of
Montrose in Jasper County. Founded in the 1830s by Scottish immigrants,
Montrose was at one time a bustling village and home to a vibrant Presbyterian
congregation. Today, the congregation no longer exists but a beautiful church
remains. Built in 1910, the Montrose Presbyterian Church is a Carpenter
Gothic-styled building with a steeply-pitched roof, an unusually tall bell
tower and thirteen Gothic arch windows inside. Because of the church’s architectural
design, Montrose Presbyterian Church (<i>above</i>) is listed in the National Register and is
a designated Mississippi Landmark property, and there has been a concerted
effort in recent years to restore the church. As important as the church
building is, though, it’s only part of the story. For a time, you see, Montrose
was the home of an academy dedicated to classical education. Although the
school long ago ceased to exist, the two extraordinary men who built the school
and the congregation went on to much greater endeavors in far-flung fields.
This is the story of Dr. John Waddel and Dr. John Gray. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxQry5zQwZXDhNKAvrmAaVQi2wdCt30YDYHTLw0pnLbzBhQBOnn1RG0WxioR_5AzLmQIejVrKbQ3DTtwH7yccdORKqMc4tFlxdwRycVEuYjgxCn36071hyphenhyphenFpDaQqa678XbArSjDhhphRUL/s1600/mont5.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxQry5zQwZXDhNKAvrmAaVQi2wdCt30YDYHTLw0pnLbzBhQBOnn1RG0WxioR_5AzLmQIejVrKbQ3DTtwH7yccdORKqMc4tFlxdwRycVEuYjgxCn36071hyphenhyphenFpDaQqa678XbArSjDhhphRUL/s1600/mont5.PNG" height="200" width="156" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The son of a Presbyterian minister and educator, John
Newton Waddel (pronounced “wad-ul”) was named for the author of the hymn “<span lang="IT">Amazing Grace</span>” (and he had a
brother named Isaac Watts). John was born in 1812 in Willington, South
Carolina, where his father, Dr. Moses Waddel (<i>left</i>), operated a highly respected
academy called the Willington School, sometimes known as "Eton in the
woods.” Along with strict religious instruction, the school’s regimen required
students to memorize, translate, and recite at least 250 lines of Greek or
Latin each night. The school record for recitation, held by future South
Carolina governor George McDuffie, was an impressive 2,212 lines of Horace. Although
he was known for his “severe and almost cruel” discipline and, according to one
account, had a propensity for “profane swearing,” Dr. Moses Waddel was
considered one of the South’s leading educators of the antebellum period and
his academy counted among its graduates such luminaries as John C. Calhoun and
Augustus B. Longstreet. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivHuzG1E7pwtH5pW4LtxWPdJPNnHf01LAz17k7BI5zOVc7oaiVfeOaQFpXBNH2_tHSre0PrLBxZpInnp3xfbVYTvNHTpCh4ZFmmgdHZfYeTQYfK4NGFZkLvrAVGCDqnMDd4en6WQUGOHoh/s1600/mont8.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivHuzG1E7pwtH5pW4LtxWPdJPNnHf01LAz17k7BI5zOVc7oaiVfeOaQFpXBNH2_tHSre0PrLBxZpInnp3xfbVYTvNHTpCh4ZFmmgdHZfYeTQYfK4NGFZkLvrAVGCDqnMDd4en6WQUGOHoh/s1600/mont8.PNG" height="166" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Because of the academy's success, Dr. Waddel was called
to Athens, Georgia, to rescue the fledgling University of Georgia, established
in 1785. When Waddel arrived in 1819, he found the college "nearly
extinct, consisting of only seven students with three professors." During
the next decade, he worked hard to build up not only the enrollment but added
several new buildings to the campus, including Philosophical Hall, New College and
Demosthenian Hall (<i>above right</i>), all constructed in the early 1820s. During his career in
education, Dr. Waddel’s students included two vice presidents, three
secretaries of state, three secretaries of war, three foreign ministers, one
Supreme Court justice, eleven governors, seven U.S. Senators, thirty two
members of the House of Representatives, eight college presidents, five members
of the Confederate Congress, two bishops and three generals, just to name a
few. Moses Waddel died of a stroke on July 21, 1840, possibly due to “an
excessive use of tobacco.” While he no doubt hoped John Newton would carry on
his legacy at the Willington School, the younger Waddel by that time had
decided to make his livelihood as a cotton farmer and headed west with his
growing family.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD-GaY181ovXbjeVyUznPuZSEBKqMlnpyTReaeP72xoF2sLFeLvdKZ5QzKrQe_21HLZxQmJxg8x0k1F601ZxoHjHmoWkKKNlCn7szL8HrtianOSItFU_DxAIO2nEPNtXhg0YceXsQvvZEm/s1600/mont3.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD-GaY181ovXbjeVyUznPuZSEBKqMlnpyTReaeP72xoF2sLFeLvdKZ5QzKrQe_21HLZxQmJxg8x0k1F601ZxoHjHmoWkKKNlCn7szL8HrtianOSItFU_DxAIO2nEPNtXhg0YceXsQvvZEm/s1600/mont3.PNG" height="320" width="193" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">John Newton Waddel settled in Greene County,
Alabama, and moved in next door to his brother-in-law and fellow Presbyterian,
Rev. John Hannah Gray. There, the two families built log cabins and began
tilling the soil. While in Alabama, Waddel was also called to the ministry and
was licensed to preach. Within a few years, both men were given an opportunity
to move further west with their families to Jasper County, Mississippi, where
they again established roots. John Waddel, though, found that his farming skills
were lacking. In fact, he had proved a miserable failure in growing cotton. To
that end, he decided to establish a school in sparsely populated Jasper County,
a vocation for which he was much better suited, returning, as it were, to the
family business of education. The school he founded, called the Montrose
Academy, started out small. “The school was opened in a log building,” he
wrote, “which was used also for preaching purposes, and located on a gentle
eminence, on the highway of travel, distant two miles from my residence, in the
midst of an extensive pine forest.” Considering the remote location of the
school and the lack of any substantial buildings, operating funds or library to
speak of, it might be expected that the academy would be a complete failure. On
the contrary, the Montrose Academy prospered and eventually boasted as many as
seventy-five students, all engaged in studying the classics, English, algebra,
trigonometry, navigation and, of course, regular Bible study. All students were
also required to attend the Presbyterian Church. In time, the school attracted
students from as far away as western Alabama, Vicksburg and Jackson. With
increased tuition, additional buildings were constructed, including a two-story
church on campus. Upon graduation, many of the students entered either Oakland
College (located at present-day Alcorn State University) or the University of
Mississippi. Whether they pursued further education or not, Waddel expressed
satisfaction that “many who came in comparative ignorance and with unsettled
morals left infinitely benefited.” Almost as soon as he arrived in Mississippi,
Waddel was licensed by the Mississippi Presbytery, the Moderator of which was
another prominent educator, Jeremiah Chamberlain of Oakland College.<b> *</b> As a
minister, Waddel served a variety of churches, including Montrose, where he
remained for seven years, during which time he also continued to operate the
“Oxford of Jasper County.” When Rev. Waddell left for the real Oxford to serve
the Presbyterian Church there and to teach as a professor of ancient languages
at the University of Mississippi, the academy at Montrose faded away. Sadly, he
left behind a four-year-old son, also named John Newton, who died in 1846. His
grave remains today in the Montrose Cemetery.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH4GhmyN7nTk8ka5rhHo8Y1w6cznBSMa3IgXlTQPqE3ZUJ2MHuEvml2JpP6fkV01rNpYY2SO0HfiejZpK8BdPPPhAMAXayLKPTgsetE0NdWg25D45JU-wQqkGZIWyqeDxZwvmEtk2-JHC_/s1600/mont4.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH4GhmyN7nTk8ka5rhHo8Y1w6cznBSMa3IgXlTQPqE3ZUJ2MHuEvml2JpP6fkV01rNpYY2SO0HfiejZpK8BdPPPhAMAXayLKPTgsetE0NdWg25D45JU-wQqkGZIWyqeDxZwvmEtk2-JHC_/s1600/mont4.PNG" height="320" width="164" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Montrose Presbyterian Church was organized
in 1841 with similarly humble beginnings. The church’s first pastor was John
Hannah Gray, also a native of South Carolina. Gray was a few years older that
Waddel and graduated from Georgia in 1823 at age nineteen during the presidency
of the elder Dr. Waddel. After graduation, he was ordained as a Presbyterian
minister and moved to Alabama with his brother in law and thence to Jasper
County in hopes of improving his health. Two years after becoming the first
pastor at Montrose, he left his brother-in-law in charge of the Montrose Church
and moved to Vicksburg and then to Memphis in 1845, where he organized the
Second Presbyterian Church. Gray remained in Memphis for the next fourteen
years, where “his blameless life, his tender sympathy with all classes of
sufferers, his fidelity to the duties of his sacred office, his tender,
affectionate, and wise pulpit ministrations, all combined to clothe him with an
influence and a power for good such as few men have ever wielded in Memphis.”
Some of his tenderness as a pastor may have come from Dr. Gray’s own tragic
experience with his family: of eleven children, only two survived. In addition,
his wife Jane preceded him in death. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWp2SfqH3Ex_YGfvFIzGkZowSm7-RiqhCmflAAhyrek5fze8crFlHsH1kRyZ7r-3IMwwzoJr98tSEqe2CIiZrS1LyWX2ari0nslC6G7WtPjlJb0cJQC_5R_QyX2vsS0fMCtjXj-P2Q_azU/s1600/mont2.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWp2SfqH3Ex_YGfvFIzGkZowSm7-RiqhCmflAAhyrek5fze8crFlHsH1kRyZ7r-3IMwwzoJr98tSEqe2CIiZrS1LyWX2ari0nslC6G7WtPjlJb0cJQC_5R_QyX2vsS0fMCtjXj-P2Q_azU/s1600/mont2.PNG" height="217" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In 1857, Gray left Memphis to become president
of the LaGrange Synodical College in LaGrange, Tennessee. Located just north of
the Mississippi state line, LaGrange was chartered in 1829. From the beginning,
the town attracted colleges for both male and female students and in 1855 preparations
were made for a new college sponsored by the Memphis Presbyterian Synod. Dr.
Gray was selected by unanimous vote to head the new institution. The academic
regimen was stiff. Just to apply for admission to the school, students had to
pass an examination in English grammar, geography and arithmetic, plus be
proficient in the first five books of Caesar’s Commentaries, the Eclogues,
Virgil’s Aeneid, the Metamorphoses of Ovid, the Greek Reader, the first four
books of Xenophon’s Anabasis, algebra and be generally well versed in Greek and
Latin grammar. In addition, applicants were required to “present a certificate
of good moral character from some reliable source.” If accepted, students at
the college were expected to complete a rigorous course in classics,
philosophy, science, mathematics and grammar. Among the faculty members at the
college was a familiar face – John Newton Waddel, who left the University of
Mississippi to join the faculty at Lagrange College. There, he taught a course
in “Ancient Literature,” while Dr. Gray taught “Ethics, Metaphysics and Sacred
Literature” in addition to acting as president. With the two reunited, the
future of the new institution seemed bright indeed. They also shared
ministerial duties at the LaGrange Presbyterian Church.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsdX8pXD07R1LXXUhR2SH_hudoWobP8JrPhBIay29aCfLhYbHaR9wZQ6-AQLuy5Bmz0ChBnEDl_dYfhrJusfveNpIkxM6CEMd-dlJFIIo1ZyQXaASAnkqXZM9Lxy2tDzZSvsZwX98ZwhhN/s1600/mont9.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsdX8pXD07R1LXXUhR2SH_hudoWobP8JrPhBIay29aCfLhYbHaR9wZQ6-AQLuy5Bmz0ChBnEDl_dYfhrJusfveNpIkxM6CEMd-dlJFIIo1ZyQXaASAnkqXZM9Lxy2tDzZSvsZwX98ZwhhN/s1600/mont9.PNG" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Unfortunately, the LaGrange Synodical College did not survive the
conflagration of the Civil War. Located on the line of the Memphis &
Charleston Railroad, LaGrange was occupied by Union forces from June 1862
onward. In April 1863, Union Col. Benjamin Grierson used LaGrange as the
starting point for his raid into Mississippi. Aimed at Newton Station on the
Southern Railroad, Grierson’s Raid threw a panic into Confederate forces in
central Mississippi and served as a diversion to distract attention from Grant’s
army as it searched for a landing place on the east bank of the Mississippi
River. Grierson led his 1,700 cavalrymen south from LaGrange on April 17; a
week later, on April 24, his men rode into Newton and wrecked the railroad
there and then rode further south to avoid Confederate cavalry in pursuit.
Oddly enough, Grierson’s men camped at the Bender Plantation near Montrose that
night, the same little town settled by Dr. Gray and Dr. Waddel more twenty
years earlier. From Montrose, Grierson’s raiders continued to elude Confederate
cavalry until they reached the safety of Baton Rouge, Louisiana. [For more on Grierson's Raid, please read </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">http://andspeakingofwhich.blogspot.com/2013/04/griersons-raid-south-to-new-station.html</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">]</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkxh4m1dcvF50OMQ84Bc9N1bME9KTkRaXb5nHiit-TTiNDuT7Qq3sUEZ-iWaRMDH5yOe9wrrou66ulrkQ_YD7F0Yk2BNHEf7cR7Dmco7EKNHu0Efazs0XeuWJigbFazgpI3S9OkvUCfB2Q/s1600/mont7.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkxh4m1dcvF50OMQ84Bc9N1bME9KTkRaXb5nHiit-TTiNDuT7Qq3sUEZ-iWaRMDH5yOe9wrrou66ulrkQ_YD7F0Yk2BNHEf7cR7Dmco7EKNHu0Efazs0XeuWJigbFazgpI3S9OkvUCfB2Q/s1600/mont7.PNG" height="200" width="120" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">After the collapse of LaGrange College, which was burned during the
Civil War, John Gray and John Waddel finally parted ways for good. During the
war, Waddel served as an agent for the Bible Society and as a missionary to the
Confederate Army, while Dr. Gray remained in LaGrange to tend to his
congregation. Over time, his health failed and he died in 1878 and was buried
beside his wife in Elmwood Cemetery in Memphis. Meanwhile, Dr. Waddel returned
to Oxford after the war to become Chancellor of the University of Mississippi.
During his nine-year term, which coincided with Reconstruction, he continued to
preach at several area Presbyterian churches. After leaving Ole Miss in 1874,
he returned to Georgia to take a post as Executive Secretary for the Georgia
Commission on Education, and then served as Chancellor of the Southwest
Presbyterian University in Clarksville, Tennessee. At each place, he continued
to preach. He was also during this time very active in the General Assembly of
the Presbyterian Church U.S., where he was known as a "conservative by
age, wisdom, and experience." In one instance, for example, he opposed a
move by the General Assembly to allow the use of collection plates instead of
"greasy slouch hats" because, as Dr. Waddel argued, hats had always
been used for collections. The proposal failed at the 1868 General Assembly
with Dr. Waddel casting the deciding vote to continue "passing the
hat." With his health beginning to fail, Waddel was forced to retire in
1888. He remained in Clarksville, Tennessee, until his death in 1895. He is
buried in Clarksville's Greenwood Cemetery (<i>above</i>), while his wife, who died in 1851, rests in the College Hill
Cemetery near Oxford. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">During their long and productive lives, both John Newton Waddel and John
Hannah Gray remained committed to the twin pillars of faith and learning and
excelled in both endeavors. Their contributions in education and religious
instruction are an enduring legacy of the little town of Montrose deep in the
piney woods of Mississippi. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div class="indentparagraphnospace">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>*</b> <span style="font-size: x-small;">On September 5, 1851, Chamberlain was
brutally murdered on campus. His death created a sensation throughout
Mississippi. For more on that story see:
http://andspeakingofwhich.blogspot.com/2012/06/horrid-tragedy-murder-of-jeremiah.html</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><u>Photo and Image Sources</u>:</span></div>
<div class="indentparagraphnospace">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(1) Montrose Presbyterian Church: From the National Register of Historic Places file at MDAH</span></div>
<div class="indentparagraphnospace">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(2) Moses Waddel: http://en.wikipedia.org</span></div>
<div class="indentparagraphnospace">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(3) Domosthenian Hall: https://www.architects.uga.edu</span></div>
<div class="indentparagraphnospace">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(4) John N. Waddel: From Memorials of academic life (1891) in Google Books </span></div>
<div class="indentparagraphnospace">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> (5) John H. Gray: http://trees.ancestry.com</span></div>
<div class="indentparagraphnospace">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(6) LaGrange College: http://www.lagrangetn.com/college.htm</span></div>
<div class="indentparagraphnospace">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(7) Grierson's Raid: http://www.sonofthesouth.net</span></div>
<div class="indentparagraphnospace">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(8) Waddel grave: www.findagrave.com </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwebxyt9VkYGH4blRPh546VmgYFmjy8bRYdeIQWGha3dggVsdxI6WnB2PuDU-LPnY8yooCU6ex1Dr7bpYetze6ozhCJHGjmP0tv3suh3_mSADO61m5JGtS1rFseJ4RIzMZw1vJo6JSfQOg/s1600/Jones+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwebxyt9VkYGH4blRPh546VmgYFmjy8bRYdeIQWGha3dggVsdxI6WnB2PuDU-LPnY8yooCU6ex1Dr7bpYetze6ozhCJHGjmP0tv3suh3_mSADO61m5JGtS1rFseJ4RIzMZw1vJo6JSfQOg/s1600/Jones+1.jpg" height="200" width="170" /></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Mississippi’s
Yocona River, which flows through Lafayette County and feeds into Enid Lake
before meandering west into Panola and Tallahatchie counties, was one of
several river barriers facing U.S. Grant’s army during the Mississippi Central
Railroad campaign in the winter of 1862. In an effort to slow the Federal
advance, Confederate Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton posted units to protect several
bridges across the Yocona with orders to destroy the bridges when the enemy
arrived. One of the river crossings was at a place called as Free Bridge. On
December 3, 1862, men from the 5th Ohio Cavalry (<i>some of whom are seen here</i>), part of a brigade led by Col. Edward
Hatch, seized the north bank of the river at Free Bridge and managed
to extinguish the fires set by the Confederates. A short distance downstream,
the Federals also secured Prophet Bridge, while Confederates guarding the
Springdale Bridge, over which the Mississippi Central Railroad crossed the
Yocona, were engaged with the remainder of Hatch’s Brigade. Realizing the
Federals had secured a crossing of the Yocona, the Confederates retreated
toward the Yalobusha River. On December 5, the Union cavalry advance was
stopped in a sharp engagement at Coffeeville. Following Earl Van Dorn’s raid on
Holly Springs later in the month, Grant was forced to reverse course, choosing
instead to send his army down the Mississippi toward Vicksburg, which was his ultimate
goal. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCUb01AA-L7Udh1L7FsmLpKRkm5LV2PqCL4f3eCDQrvvZ5CNadDepALbgWcAja5yzQfJMfXZ3zGNC00X5NDoKSgsYl6Hi4c_5YPdvinFstFrIXm5ymFBuFoXvEM7dKl4rE2OI2WQRbdQAi/s1600/Map.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCUb01AA-L7Udh1L7FsmLpKRkm5LV2PqCL4f3eCDQrvvZ5CNadDepALbgWcAja5yzQfJMfXZ3zGNC00X5NDoKSgsYl6Hi4c_5YPdvinFstFrIXm5ymFBuFoXvEM7dKl4rE2OI2WQRbdQAi/s1600/Map.PNG" height="239" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sometime after
the Civil War, Lemuel Dallas Jones, a native of nearby Panola County, moved to
the Free Bridge area. Born in 1855, Dallas Jones and his wife Mary Elizabeth
had eight children. With Jones’ arrival, the river crossing at Free Bridge
became known as the Dallas Jones Crossing. It was here in 1898 that locals
would again be engaged in a desperate battle with a foe perhaps even more
persistent and pernicious than the Union army: yellow fever. During the
outbreak, one of many such epidemics which swept across Mississippi in the late
19th and early 20th centuries, the towns of Taylor and
Orwood bore the brunt of the fever. Orwood was a small community located in the
southwestern corner of Lafayette County near the Panola County line, while
Taylor was located a few miles south of Oxford on the railroad line. Taylor had
already been visited with the disease once: in 1879, a man began exhibiting signs
of yellow fever during a revival meeting. The panic which ensued emptied the place
and for months Taylor was a virtual ghost town with only a few left to care for
the sick and dying. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguFgSvpnv-hc5msuztABP-lWlNqCaka4McGXShga2QBhwt6VRfKg81xMJlStx3iO0YdOifiN57cV4_0rwMlBCZLJFjQ5OTZCCzhgpunAQxvvXbBmg_wPPYwqBuBHjSc6BjaXT31IpMdPvC/s1600/Yellow+fever.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguFgSvpnv-hc5msuztABP-lWlNqCaka4McGXShga2QBhwt6VRfKg81xMJlStx3iO0YdOifiN57cV4_0rwMlBCZLJFjQ5OTZCCzhgpunAQxvvXbBmg_wPPYwqBuBHjSc6BjaXT31IpMdPvC/s1600/Yellow+fever.PNG" height="200" width="195" /></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">To combat the latest
threat of the dreaded disease, the Dallas Jones Crossing over the Yocona was
closed to traffic, as were other bridges and crossings over the river, to prevent
the fever from reaching Water Valley and beyond. To try and contain the
epidemic, both Taylor and Orwood were quarantined on August 30, 1898. The
decision to quarantine the towns was made by Dr. Harris Allen Gant after wiring
the State Board of Health in Jackson for advice. Gant was born in 1852 in Columbia,
Tennessee. At an early age, his family moved to Mississippi and he was raised
in Oxford. After attending the University of Mississippi, Gant moved to Water
Valley, where he became a teacher and an apprentice at a drug store. In 1876,
he graduated with honors from the University of Pennsylvania with a medical
degree. Returning to Water Valley to practice medicine, Dr. Gant soon found
success battling yellow fever. So grateful were the citizens of Water Valley
that they presented the good doctor with a gold watch. In time, Dr. Gant earned
a wide reputation as someone who could deal effectively with yellow fever. As
such, he was elected to the State Board of Health in 1892. In 1897, Gant
traveled to the Mississippi Gulf Coast to investigate an outbreak in Ocean
Springs. Again successful in fighting the disease, the people on the Gulf Coast
gave him a gold-tipped cane in appreciation for his work and he was then
appointed by Governor Anselm McLaurin to visit Cuba to study the disease there.
It was upon his return home to Water Valley that the epidemic hit Taylor and
Orwood. With the river crossings closed and the Dallas Jones crossing guarded by
Dallas Jones himself, Dr. Gant took the further precaution of requiring trains
to pass through Taylor without stopping and a camp meeting was disbanded on the
south side of the river. Aided by another local doctor named W.T. Matthews, Dr.
Gant was able to isolate the yellow fever to a thirteen mile area. Of 115
reported cases, only eighteen victims died. In the process, Dr. Gant kept
meticulous records of those infected. Because of this, a great deal of
information was made available for future outbreaks.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoBodyText2">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The next year
(1899), </span>Dr. Gant again travelled to the Gulf Coast to Mississippi City
during an outbreak there. In 1900, he moved to Jackson to open a medical practice
with Dr. John F. Hunter, who was the secretary of the Board of Health. Gant,
meanwhile, was elected president of the board, where he served for four years. A
member of the Masonic Lodge, the Knights of Honor, the Mississippi Historical
Society and the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, Dr. Gant became a prominent
and well-respected member of Jackson’s society. More importantly, he was
considered a regional authority on yellow fever. According a biographical
sketch published in 1907, Gant’s “advice and counsel are much in demand when
dangers from the fever threaten. By his prompt action in diagnosing the disease
at Orwood in 1898 and by his immediately instituting a legal quarantine, he
undoubtedly prevented the spread of the disease to adjacent territory.” Despite
being exposed to numerous cases of yellow fever, Dr. Harris Allen Gant lived to
the ripe old age of 89. He died in 1941 and is buried in the Rose Hill Cemetery
in Columbia, Tennessee. Dallas Jones, the namesake of the river crossing, died
in 1935 at age 80. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZAnr3RWMZTPovQL6g0XR4ed4iktC6VWFkHM-mFtnU7qJKY0v-g-bRyfYTh01v6hO-5YFCQm5GrKPZ0XKL32s_9C3md_J1pOrNMEDcA7NgSbqiIUezxYvLOffBymcEW82RjOrbr8JuC6Fp/s1600/Taylor.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZAnr3RWMZTPovQL6g0XR4ed4iktC6VWFkHM-mFtnU7qJKY0v-g-bRyfYTh01v6hO-5YFCQm5GrKPZ0XKL32s_9C3md_J1pOrNMEDcA7NgSbqiIUezxYvLOffBymcEW82RjOrbr8JuC6Fp/s1600/Taylor.PNG" height="204" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2">
Orwood itself did not survive long after the yellow fever
epidemic. By 1905, the little community was extinct. Taylor, on the other hand,
recovered from the fever and from subsequent disasters (including fires, crop
failures and the Depression) and is today a tourist destination. In addition to
a vibrant arts community, the town is home to Taylor Grocery, built ca. 1889, a
popular restaurant and music venue. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Taylor’s survival as a community is at least
in part due to the dedication and knowledge of Dr. Harris Gant, one of many
little known heroes from Mississippi’s past. </div>
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<div class="MsoBodyText2">
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<div class="MsoBodyText2">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><u>Photo and Image Sources</u>: </span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(1) 5th Ohio: http://lifeofthecivilwar.blogspot.com</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(2) Lafayette County: http://www.livgenmi.com</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(3) Yellow Fever victims: http://historic-memphis.com </span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(4) Taylor Grocery: http://phillipparkerblog.com</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2">
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
Jim Woodrickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15917299007746671963noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3408099437107639570.post-30851702715486270462014-04-07T19:00:00.000-05:002014-04-08T09:46:57.594-05:00The Millsaps College School of Law<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLKGg4bpZg3NlncOdSvaCBGrQ2fCgodhT_fg71rzAVO31ChxWLikL7xh6UeF4hmePMJWmXgH-LreSdJ9KFvo3kUsNR54Del3MgsXclnpqMzaXFhJE1F5YMrvUIPMHL_8lgoqI-MruLWa5L/s1600/Millsaps+Law+1.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLKGg4bpZg3NlncOdSvaCBGrQ2fCgodhT_fg71rzAVO31ChxWLikL7xh6UeF4hmePMJWmXgH-LreSdJ9KFvo3kUsNR54Del3MgsXclnpqMzaXFhJE1F5YMrvUIPMHL_8lgoqI-MruLWa5L/s1600/Millsaps+Law+1.PNG" height="200" width="169" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In 1890, Reuben Webster Millsaps, a prominent businessman
and Methodist layman, donated $50,000, which was matched by Methodists across
the state, to establish a college in Jackson. A Confederate veteran who was wounded
twice during the war, Major Millsaps (<i>right</i>) was active in the development of the new college
until his death in 1916. [For more on Major Millsaps, please see <a href="http://andspeakingofwhich.blogspot.com/2012/11/reuben-webster-millsaps.html">http://andspeakingofwhich.blogspot.com/2012/11/reuben-webster-millsaps.html</a>.
Today, Millsaps College is regarded as one of the best small, liberal arts
colleges in the nation and is a leader in medical and business education, among
other academic degrees. At one time, Millsaps also offered a degree in law, and
for more than two decades the Millsaps College School of Law was the only law
school in the state capital. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyqF-7w4mJy5MN_CwmFrDJPlOGXp_mXZhpl9SFoE2_OKXY72CFXTyCLWRwiJHBRbYW9CGI1WivUsrDTIpipaoEsPi2Myg9MrMTwgFyyCY2HFJuv4kEGi7fVdJhq6qmVfpvoNwGjSFJ89EQ/s1600/Millsaps+Library.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyqF-7w4mJy5MN_CwmFrDJPlOGXp_mXZhpl9SFoE2_OKXY72CFXTyCLWRwiJHBRbYW9CGI1WivUsrDTIpipaoEsPi2Myg9MrMTwgFyyCY2HFJuv4kEGi7fVdJhq6qmVfpvoNwGjSFJ89EQ/s1600/Millsaps+Library.PNG" height="160" width="200" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigGA7lSVmSBDycsVxkK2pRTJLC2FhYkDF-2Kee57ANwljtVvnmPq8GaOy3hWG6HwhPTmgsizoiRNldh4jDtXagpHe4nQyBi-oTNcMZ6IV-CBcHg3r-Wq8s6YBl3_Dz1atKy1M3lY_Pefli/s1600/Law.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigGA7lSVmSBDycsVxkK2pRTJLC2FhYkDF-2Kee57ANwljtVvnmPq8GaOy3hWG6HwhPTmgsizoiRNldh4jDtXagpHe4nQyBi-oTNcMZ6IV-CBcHg3r-Wq8s6YBl3_Dz1atKy1M3lY_Pefli/s1600/Law.PNG" height="200" width="100" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In 1896, the college’s board of trustees decided that
Jackson, as the state capital, needed a law school. Of course, there was
already a law school in Oxford at the University of Mississippi. The advantage
of a law school in Jackson, they reasoned, was the location. According to the
college’s bulletin, the presence of the United States court and the Mississippi
Supreme Court allowed “the observant student [to] follow the history and course
of cases in actual litigation from the lower tribunal to the highest, and
observe in their practical operation the nice distinction between the State and
Federal jurisdiction and practice.” There was also a very practical reason for
locating in Jackson: students could use the “extensive and valuable State Law
Library” at no cost. In the first year of the law school, twenty-eight students
were enrolled, with fifteen seniors. Tuition was set at $66, which included a
$5 “contingency fee.” Each student, according to the course requirements, was
required “to present [a] satisfactory certificate of good moral behavior” prior
to admission. To lead the new law school, Millsaps College called on one of the
most respected legal minds in Mississippi with strong ties to the University of
Mississippi. In fact, he was a former chancellor at Ole Miss. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDtXjcsvytZF-x7UTsafZ6aU5b297Id2gi2jchAM3MT1zwE-lJ270S7LdwUxNcambzATJHzypdUdCTzz8d4a3DwQF92vff7HetugHuNAnVqjKyFee1Cqwmd7OGuzEsTSYigRmOhD18VPo9/s1600/Millsaps+Law+3.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDtXjcsvytZF-x7UTsafZ6aU5b297Id2gi2jchAM3MT1zwE-lJ270S7LdwUxNcambzATJHzypdUdCTzz8d4a3DwQF92vff7HetugHuNAnVqjKyFee1Cqwmd7OGuzEsTSYigRmOhD18VPo9/s1600/Millsaps+Law+3.PNG" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Edward Mayes was born in Hinds County, Mississippi, in 1846.
In 1860, he was in school at Bethany College in what is now West Virginia but
came home to Mississippi with civil war on the horizon. For the first few years
of the conflict, Mayes served as a clerk in Jackson but in April 1864
volunteered as a private in Co. H, 4th Mississippi Cavalry. In the
fall of 1865, he entered the freshman class at the University of Mississippi
and graduated from the law school in 1869. The same year, he married Miss
Frances Lamar, who just happened to be the daughter of L.Q.C. Lamar, and she
was the granddaughter of Augustus B. Longstreet, who was the second chancellor
at Ole Miss. With his pedigree firmly established, Mayes (<i>above</i>) opened his law
practice in Coffeeville and then moved to Oxford in 1872. He joined the faculty
in 1877 and then became chancellor in 1889. He has the distinction of being the
first native Mississippian and the first Ole Miss graduate to become chancellor
of that institution. During his tenure, Ventress Hall was constructed as the
library building; it would later serve as the law school. In addition to Mayes’
ties to L.Q.C. Lamar and the University of Mississippi, he was also a devout
member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, and was a member of the 1890
General Conference in St. Louis. Thus, when Millsaps College established its
law school, Mayes was a natural fit, having ended his tenure as chancellor in
1891. While at Millsaps, Mayes somehow found time to write a comprehensive
history of education in Mississippi, a book published in 1899. Edward Mayes
remained at Millsaps College until his death.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHJBiQJKkgcr1MQ1Ug1aVXYX9v0LsbIX4wUI1vPCT6slzfmVS-fBBl_U6TgEoFjimNHn49oGtthrMPyLcwyH6Tqm6Xk3RyLCRKAizWCAwRfjfx-1DV_lCiO1EXBZXQ9PQlQ0kHtc8hFr33/s1600/Millsaps+Law+4.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHJBiQJKkgcr1MQ1Ug1aVXYX9v0LsbIX4wUI1vPCT6slzfmVS-fBBl_U6TgEoFjimNHn49oGtthrMPyLcwyH6Tqm6Xk3RyLCRKAizWCAwRfjfx-1DV_lCiO1EXBZXQ9PQlQ0kHtc8hFr33/s1600/Millsaps+Law+4.PNG" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Also serving on the faculty was a distinguished lawyer and
jurist named Albert Hall Whitfield. Whitfield, a native of Monroe County,
Mississippi, was born in 1849, too young by a couple of years to serve in the
Civil War. Whitfield graduated from the University of Mississippi in 1871 and
then joined the faculty there, where he taught Greek, Latin, English and
History. After practicing law in Grenada (where he married Miss Isadore
Buffaloe in 1876), he moved to Oxford. Whitfield succeeded Mayes as a professor
of law at Ole Miss until 1894, when he was appointed to the Mississippi Supreme
Court by Governor John M. Stone. Whitfield (<i>left</i>) thereafter served as Chief Justice
for ten years. When the Millsaps College Law School was established in 1896,
Whitfield was already in Jackson and was a natural choice for the faculty. Not
only did Whitfield know Edward Mayes from his days at Ole Miss, he remained the
as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court while teaching law school! By all
accounts, Albert Hall Whitfield was a colorful figure. Like Mayes, he was a
frequent author, writing on such varied subjects as the question of Philippine
annexation in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cosmopolitan Magazine</i>. In
private life, it was well known that he “fretted and fumed a great deal over
things, whether State or society, that he felt were not justified by ethical
standards.” Despite being a member of the Baptist Church, he apparently used
the word “damn” quite liberally and often exclaimed that “Life is just one damn
thing after another.” Whitfield died in Jackson in 1918. In a biographical
account written by his close friend Dunbar Rowland is perhaps the finest thing
that can be said regarding the end of a person’s life: “After a brilliant
career in which he had borne himself well in both public and private life he
retired to his library to happily browse among the books.”</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirrbPM1XSvZAOpSGgsoeOZ8K9R4aG37C5Np46lFb3rynqjEFQXVukfb-mjtmfYnu3Fz40LV7uSrpTynQ-u5PZiF-e8uYhNES4_CJugnbgPaEGOsTLeJ7jFYi0qG0EKoUbfYmFD058rcpbM/s1600/Millsaps+Law+5.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirrbPM1XSvZAOpSGgsoeOZ8K9R4aG37C5Np46lFb3rynqjEFQXVukfb-mjtmfYnu3Fz40LV7uSrpTynQ-u5PZiF-e8uYhNES4_CJugnbgPaEGOsTLeJ7jFYi0qG0EKoUbfYmFD058rcpbM/s1600/Millsaps+Law+5.PNG" height="200" width="133" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjjgiWuDfXHM9K5DI6R5B8y8zQUXXZ5U4m-UhpnTUvZs87vII1ItMXdnIniwqVl47J4uhky2JHdWuSu-cNAIDEcfcR4PEv-UYyj43ZJqis366kR5CqBfcQpY9H2GXBv1aDyj5dywUcs6he/s1600/Gueltig.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjjgiWuDfXHM9K5DI6R5B8y8zQUXXZ5U4m-UhpnTUvZs87vII1ItMXdnIniwqVl47J4uhky2JHdWuSu-cNAIDEcfcR4PEv-UYyj43ZJqis366kR5CqBfcQpY9H2GXBv1aDyj5dywUcs6he/s1600/Gueltig.PNG" height="320" width="120" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Led by these two men, the Millsaps College School of Law
endured and prospered for twenty-two years. Among those who attended the school
were Luther Manship, Jr. of Jackson, who would serve in World War I as an
artillery officer, and Isaac Lagrone Tigert of Tippah County, who was the
Sergeant-at-Arms for the Mississippi Senate and was later elected to the South
Carolina legislature. In 1917, however, Edward Mayes died suddenly, followed the
next year by Whitfield. Thus, both of the men who had guided the law school for
its entire existence were suddenly gone. More importantly, most of the male
students at Millsaps were by then preparing for the war in Europe. Millsaps was
among the sites selected for the Student Army Training Corps (S.A.T.C.), which
was a program established by the War Department designed to use existing college
campuses as training facilities for military personnel. The S.A.T.C. at
Millsaps was led by Lt. Charles Gueltig (<i>above</i> <i>left</i>), a German immigrant and an attorney
from Missouri. By 1918, Millsaps resembled an armed camp of instruction more
than a college campus and many of the students left to join the war effort. Even
one of Millsaps’ faculty members, Dr. John Marvin Burton (<i>above right</i>), volunteered and was
killed in France. Burton came to Millsaps in 1910 and was a professor of
romance languages and French literature. Apparently, he had volunteered for the
war in allegiance to both of the “world’s greatest democracies.” His death was
mourned by the entire campus and the 1919 annual, the <i>Bobashela</i>, was dedicated
to his memory. In the memorial dedication, the writer stated that it was
through his death that “Millsaps gave the best she had to the struggle for
Liberty, and Fate took the best she gave.” Dr. Burton wasn’t Millsaps College’s
only casualty of the First World War. The other was the School of Law, which
was discontinued in 1917. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYNySAGFe8bjrh2sWkF4jX6MfiLa9cHQqpHcY3ABuMX9keFpdjZTd4_OVhAFdhpc_jXnZHlNbw9bd7_TuZ_uND5bDp6rGrIkB9HtDrEzZHprlTBLYrSgYtA8_XU-ZewaY_B2SI5lLdL9N-/s1600/Millsaps+Law+7.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYNySAGFe8bjrh2sWkF4jX6MfiLa9cHQqpHcY3ABuMX9keFpdjZTd4_OVhAFdhpc_jXnZHlNbw9bd7_TuZ_uND5bDp6rGrIkB9HtDrEzZHprlTBLYrSgYtA8_XU-ZewaY_B2SI5lLdL9N-/s1600/Millsaps+Law+7.PNG" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For several years after the war ended, there were attempts
to revive the Millsaps law school, but to no avail. In 1930, a law school was
once again established in Jackson, but it was no longer associated with
Millsaps. Known as the Jackson School of Law, the law school was acquired by
Mississippi College in 1975 and since 1980 has been fully accredited with the
American Bar Association. The MC Law School remains the only other law school
in Mississippi besides the University of Mississippi. As dedicated Methodists,
it might displease both Major Reuben Webster Millsaps and Edward Mayes to know that the descendant of their beloved law
school now belongs to Mississippi College. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><u>Photo and Image Sources</u>:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(1) Millsaps: https://m.facebook.com/millsapscollege</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(2) Law School: https://archive.org/stream/bobashela1913</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(3) https://archive.org/stream/bobashela1910</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(4) Mayes: http://www.olemiss.edu</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(7) Burton: https://archive.org/stream/bobashela1919</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(8) MC Law: http://lawalumni.mc.edu</span></div>
Jim Woodrickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15917299007746671963noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3408099437107639570.post-36647413370913078372014-03-27T18:30:00.000-05:002014-03-27T18:30:00.082-05:00The Greenwood Centennial <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTsB3C42l3U1zw6GSvPIw4bGzTzZk2YFHqMQHGIGhU7nhcXOdbjlfpNS4eGDN3-SXhZefdp7GtPdw2_nJy_6bWpKDD67LpLZ_H6G56zgYhAZeDJUxKum6gzWw_SNLrja0wOML29-l6fW9a/s1600/Greenwood+11.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTsB3C42l3U1zw6GSvPIw4bGzTzZk2YFHqMQHGIGhU7nhcXOdbjlfpNS4eGDN3-SXhZefdp7GtPdw2_nJy_6bWpKDD67LpLZ_H6G56zgYhAZeDJUxKum6gzWw_SNLrja0wOML29-l6fW9a/s1600/Greenwood+11.PNG" height="116" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">In 1834, John Williams bought 162 acres of land at $1.25 an acre in the heart
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land he purchased had previously been Choctaw territory but had been ceded to
the United States government in 1830 with the signing of the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit
Creek. The landing was called (appropriately enough) Williams Landing and would
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flourished, later earning the nickname the “Cotton Capital of the World.” A
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu_JKEcyrwCoU7epLoeWMZqUPwekVt24zEPG5iQAW1p2RnA6qdfDkfrfs4zoD2RK7I0-u0Jm9VtjiUpBpQkkCiLU02LW8w_8-AY50XqQtB5D7UIJZTc5auQU_Yq-ZoO2cUfZYsDSkiKhZo/s1600/Greenwood+12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu_JKEcyrwCoU7epLoeWMZqUPwekVt24zEPG5iQAW1p2RnA6qdfDkfrfs4zoD2RK7I0-u0Jm9VtjiUpBpQkkCiLU02LW8w_8-AY50XqQtB5D7UIJZTc5auQU_Yq-ZoO2cUfZYsDSkiKhZo/s1600/Greenwood+12.jpg" height="200" width="133" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Spring festivals had already been a tradition in Greenwood for a number
of years prior to 1934. For example, in 1932, the “Gala Spring Fesitval”
included a parade, dozens of exhibits displaying flowers and local products
and, oddly enough, a reproduction of the Nova Scotia village of St. Pre’, made
famous by the 1847 Nathaniel Hawthorne poem “Evangeline,” which was a highly
fictionalized account of the Acadian exodus. In 1929, the story was revived in
a popular film by the same name, starring the Mexican-born movie star Deloris
del Rio. In 1934, she posed for a statue of “Evangeline” to be placed in St
Martinville, Louisiana (<i>right</i>, where the statue remains today). Why the story of
Evangeline was part of the Greenwood festival of ’32 is a bit of a mystery, but
by all accounts it was a popular attraction.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxSQWFNW98A-rYdVzxwha_77pEQGOkEseL2GSu2Fa3iAI_EZMf5E34HBB0XkukJ-Q95CgrDdo_EekNtXWG_kt-i3ozkal3piYVXWyDdYgjt-xsG90KAkZdAXskJ8KXSq6slrdQ7-jqzU4G/s1600/Greenwood+13.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxSQWFNW98A-rYdVzxwha_77pEQGOkEseL2GSu2Fa3iAI_EZMf5E34HBB0XkukJ-Q95CgrDdo_EekNtXWG_kt-i3ozkal3piYVXWyDdYgjt-xsG90KAkZdAXskJ8KXSq6slrdQ7-jqzU4G/s1600/Greenwood+13.PNG" height="137" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">For the centennial celebration, an even bigger festival was planned. The
main attraction would be a reproduction of the original village at Williams
Landing. The reconstructed town, located near the American Legion stadium at
the corner of Front Street and Walthall, included a general store, a saloon, a
log cabin and “an Indian wigwam.” The general store was used to display items
related to Greenwood’s history collected by members of the Daughters of the
American Revolution, while the saloon had beer for sale. Construction of the
buildings and planning for the activities at Williams Landing (<i>above</i>) was led by a
committee of the Chamber of Commerce, including a young lawyer named William S.
Vardaman, Jr. Plans for opening day included an attack by “a tribe of wild
Indians.” According to the Greenwood <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Commonwealth</i>,
the Indians were scheduled to </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“make their way
stealthily up the river in boats and about dusk…terrify the unsuspecting
settlers with their blood-curdling war whoops and dances performed by the light
of flickering torches and blazing bonfires.” Following the attack by the “wild
Indians,” on Thursday, May 3, 1934, visitors enjoyed a square dance. No doubt,
with the aid of free-flowing beer from the saloon, a good time was had by all. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_Aq54mH28_ayspUTC-7QU3_dnke9j4uyfUIqlXmnVKxSzSuTUwDvOPcv9xw6lZqdc2xoVx7iXe1f6DyfvNBOOelSI69N_j9EDCaKsu_uIbtgaxpOfHXvRntmo42Pb3g4cZnkiwgytJGDa/s1600/Greenwood+14.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_Aq54mH28_ayspUTC-7QU3_dnke9j4uyfUIqlXmnVKxSzSuTUwDvOPcv9xw6lZqdc2xoVx7iXe1f6DyfvNBOOelSI69N_j9EDCaKsu_uIbtgaxpOfHXvRntmo42Pb3g4cZnkiwgytJGDa/s1600/Greenwood+14.PNG" height="200" width="137" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Throughout the weekend, the Spring
Festival and Centennial celebration included plenty of activities, including a
golf tournament at the country club, a flower show (complete with a tabletop miniature
garden with miniature cabins, shrubs and a lake), a dog show, horse show, a fiddlers’
contest and a dance recital “featuring 16 beautiful dancers” from the
Mississippi College for Women in Columbus. At the Paramount Theater, children
were offered a free viewing of a “Mickey Mouse cartoon picture show,” while
Mississippi State College presented a “Lilly White Minstrel Show” in the high
school auditorium. One event which attracted a great deal of attention was a
tennis match between two nationally-known stars, Bryan Grant and Gilbert Hall.
Grant, who was known as “Bitsy” (he was only 5’4”), was a native of Atlanta. In
1930, he won the U.S. clay court championship and repeated as champion in 1934
and 1935. He was also very competitive on grass courts at Forest Hills, New
York, and played on the Davis Cup teams for three straight years beginning in
1935. A member of the International Tennis Hall of Fame, “Bitsy” Grant (<i>above</i>) continued to play tennis past age 70. He died of cancer in
1986. His opponent in the demonstration tennis match in Greenwood was Gilbert
Hall, a native of New Jersey. Although Hall did not achieve the same level of
success as Grant, he played professional tennis until 1959 and won nine
tournaments. As exciting as the tennis match and the attack by the Indians must
have been, however, the big moment for the festival was the parade on Saturday. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stretching more than two miles, the festival
parade featured five marching bands, including the Mississippi State College
band, the Drum and Bugle Corps from the American Legion, high school bands from
Greenwood and Grenada, and a “harmonica band” from Water Valley. Complete with
automobiles, horses, and beauty queens, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Commonwealth</i>
reported that the parade was “a pageant of gorgeous colors, depicting in kaleidoscopic
manner the historical high lights” of Greenwood and the nation. Indeed, many of
the floats had a historical theme. The town of Itta Bena, for example, had a
float called “The Days of the Red Skins,” while the local Rotary Club submitted
entries for the “Spirit of ’61” and Hernando de Soto (<i>above</i>). Other themes included the
“Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek,” the “Spirit of ‘76” and “Eli Whitney’s Cotton
Gin,” a float backed by the Planters Oil Mill. In addition to the floats,
several towns and business decorated trucks for the parade. The prize for best decorated
truck went to the Coca Cola company, with honorable mentions for both the Pabst
Blue Ribbon and Budweiser trucks. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibUEbQIKTtp7a_q6vrvv1D75m-QtCKgpSs2-x46EhiUl1ZnvzpCHikuXqfKOxNGohZVOa2pf5zWvCSWOlbGYqYjRGienBVfnbQMaGM3txHS_tZL9Agm1JJjftPlxudlwHrTW3NW3PdqoH5/s1600/Greenwood+15.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibUEbQIKTtp7a_q6vrvv1D75m-QtCKgpSs2-x46EhiUl1ZnvzpCHikuXqfKOxNGohZVOa2pf5zWvCSWOlbGYqYjRGienBVfnbQMaGM3txHS_tZL9Agm1JJjftPlxudlwHrTW3NW3PdqoH5/s1600/Greenwood+15.PNG" height="200" width="158" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-fN8ZlqeTMuXJtv5XFtTf-_bCm7Q8FgZQgBQRaCcnovnTybliY6CTqqsHIlUMq7XTh1n2ggKiWpA7o-wAfnVrKiGwhuAVbvCU_vDoKgj49PVIRcJui6DzxX0hBKKo6YzxbM_EC7BG_-q9/s1600/Greenwood+19.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-fN8ZlqeTMuXJtv5XFtTf-_bCm7Q8FgZQgBQRaCcnovnTybliY6CTqqsHIlUMq7XTh1n2ggKiWpA7o-wAfnVrKiGwhuAVbvCU_vDoKgj49PVIRcJui6DzxX0hBKKo6YzxbM_EC7BG_-q9/s1600/Greenwood+19.PNG" height="198" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">While thousands of visitors crowded
the city to watch the parade and enjoy the exhibits, one person was not on hand
to witness the spectacle. At noon on the day of the parade, William S.
Vardaman, Jr., one of the festival organizers, died from injuries he received earlier
that morning. Vardaman had been attending the Grand Festival Ball at the
Greenwood High School, which was held the night before. Vardaman graduated from
the high school and then went to Ole Miss. At twenty-six years old, he was considered
“one of the most promising young lawyers in Mississippi.” He was certainly well
connected. Not only was he the only son of a former mayor of <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Greenwood, he was
also a nephew of former Mississippi Governor and U.S. Senator James K.
Vardaman (<i>top left</i>), known as “The Great White Chief.” As a former editor of the Greenwood
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Commonwealth</i>, J.K. Vardaman had strong
connections in Greenwood. Thus, it was almost assured that his nephew would
also enjoy a successful career. The band for the Festival Ball was the Anson
Weeks Orchestra, a popular dance band from California. Weeks (<i>lower left</i>) formed his band in
1924 and recorded for both Columbia and Brunswick records. In 1931, the band
garnered attention from an appearance on the “Lucky Strike Magic Carpet” radio
show and had begun touring nationwide. </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBj9e8tWTS11IOgl32SxyaqptvOCjOb-GYTv1JP6z6EWfHK6y6IUrdLFUBNSwjDTSo1xvJz78zG9FwC1h4nEt8RpPgaHlnTSxwx-ZYFNAcxwfC181ic2lZdP53A1DtJ5bIdIp2g-TsCWHB/s1600/Greenwood+17.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBj9e8tWTS11IOgl32SxyaqptvOCjOb-GYTv1JP6z6EWfHK6y6IUrdLFUBNSwjDTSo1xvJz78zG9FwC1h4nEt8RpPgaHlnTSxwx-ZYFNAcxwfC181ic2lZdP53A1DtJ5bIdIp2g-TsCWHB/s1600/Greenwood+17.PNG" height="156" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGV0SSGn6uOYKSU2AAmNHMbII51mcyRvcuLb2qmqDh61isgw41xUcVEUal0uTf8nIkOEpWpF-hsclRKX5AwBaIAm2D6O56Qdo9q-0HhfjH6PHZWXGDdh2UG1bQr4OqCwpOH7BfHctEGrK1/s1600/Greenwood+16.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGV0SSGn6uOYKSU2AAmNHMbII51mcyRvcuLb2qmqDh61isgw41xUcVEUal0uTf8nIkOEpWpF-hsclRKX5AwBaIAm2D6O56Qdo9q-0HhfjH6PHZWXGDdh2UG1bQr4OqCwpOH7BfHctEGrK1/s1600/Greenwood+16.PNG" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Apparently, the Anson Weeks Orchestra was a big hit in
Greenwood, as the band was still playing at 2:00 a.m. During a break, young William
Vardaman ran out of the school building to his car and ran into the flagpole in
front of the school, fracturing his skull. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Today, the old Greenwood High School is the Davis Elementary School (<i>right</i>). Vardaman lingered until noon, when he</span></span> died at the Greenwood Leflore Hospital. Funeral
services were held the following day at 4:00 at the family home on Grand Boulevard. All of the
pallbearers were Ole Miss graduates and all but one were lawyers, including Paul
D. Montjoy, Jr. (<i>right</i>) “Little Monty,” as he was known, was a member of the Ole Miss
cross country team and was described in the 1926 annual as “staunch of heart
and fleet of foot.” Among his law school classmates that year was a young
attorney from Carthage who was “possessed of a liquid eloquence precipitated
from his smiling lips in cadence with the elastic motions of his hands.” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His name was Ross Barnett.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Despite the tragic circumstances surrounding the death of William
Vardaman, Jr., the centennial celebration of Greenwood’s founding appeared to
be a signal success. In just twenty years (in 2034), Greenwood will be
celebrating its bicentennial. Time will only tell if a similarly ambitious observance will be in the offing (though perhaps this time without the "wild Indians"). </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><u>PHOTO AND IMAGE SOURCES</u>:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(1) Greenwood: http://en.wikipedia.org</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(2) Evangeline: http://www.stmartinville.org</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(3) Williams Landing: http://www.aboutgreenwoodms.com</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(4) Grant: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(5) Hernando de Soto float: http://www.aboutgreenwoodms.com</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(6) James K. Vardaman: http://www.loc.gov</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(7) Weeks: http://www.onesmedia.com </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(8) Davis Elementary: http://www.aboutgreenwoodms.com</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(<span style="font-size: x-small;">9</span>) Montjoy: https://archive.org</span></span></div>
Jim Woodrickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15917299007746671963noreply@blogger.com0